Probleme und Ziele kieferorthopädischer Behandlung aus Patientensicht (Interpretation einer Befragung)

Zusammenfassung Durch Befragung von 250 Kindern und Jugendlichen während kieferorthopädischer Behandlung wurden die dabei aus Patientensicht entstehenden Erwartungen, Vorstellungen und Probleme diskutiert.Starke Einflußnahme der Eltern auf den Behandlungsablauf sowie die Behandlungsmotivation, Abhängigkeit der Mitarbeit der Patienten vom Behandlungszeitraum sind einige Schwerpunkte der Untersuchung. Unterschiedliche Reaktion auf die verschiedenen Behandlungsgeräte, Motivierungseinfluß des Behandlers sowie auftretende Ängste sind weitere Schwerpunkte und konnten bestätigt werden. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß der kieferorthopädischen Behandlung auf die Mundhygiene unterstrichen.

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Summary A questionnaire was carried out amongst 250 children and teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment. This article discusses the expectations, ideas and problems of these patients during treatment.The conclusions reached in the study emphasize the importance of two main points: the influences which motivate parents when seeking treatment and the interdependence between patient-motivation and maximum treatment duration. Further the study confirms the importance of different reactions to various orthodontic instruments, the influence of the dentist on motivation to treatment and recognizing and overcoming fear among patients. Finally the study reconfirms the positive influence of orthodontic treatment on oral hygiene in general.

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Résumé L'article analyse, en s'appuyant sur un questionnaire rempli par 250 enfants et adolescents en cour de traitement orthodontique, les appréhensions, attitudes et problèmes de ces patients.Deux conclusions principales ressortent de cette étude: le rôle important de l'attitude des parents dans le déroulement du traitement et l'interdépendance entre la coopération des patients et la durée totale du traitement. En outre l'étude met en évidence les différences des réactions selon les types d'appareils, l'influence personelle du thérapeute et les moyens de décêler et surmonter les craintes des patients.Enfin elle confirme l'influence positive du traitement sur l'hygiène buccale.

     

Association Analysis of a Regulatory Variation of the Serotonin Transporter Gene with Severe Alcohol Dependence

The present study tested the hypothesis that the short, low activity variant of a biallelic polymorphism in the 5'regulatory region of the human serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene confers susceptibility to severe alcohol dependence marked by severe withdrawal symptoms. Applying a phenotype-genotype strategy, our population-based association analysis included 216 German controls and an extreme sample of 103 severely affected alcoholics who were selected from 315 German alcohol-dependent subjects by a history of alcohol withdrawal seizure or delirium. The frequency of the short allele (S) was significantly increased in the severely affected alcoholics, compared with that in the controls ( X ²= 3.87, df = 1, nominal p = 0.049). The post-hoc exploration indicated that this allelic association resulted exclusively from a significant excess of the S/S genotype in the severely affected alcoholics ( p = 0.035), suggesting a recessively acting effect. Consistently, we found a weak but significant correlation ( p = 0.013) between the frequency of the S/S genotype and severity of withdrawal symptoms (WDS): no WOS [18.3%, odds ratio (OR) = 1.16], vegetative WDS only (21.8%, OR = 1.44), and severe WDS with either withdrawal seizure only or delirium only (25.0%, OR = 1.69), and both withdrawal seizure and delirium (30.8%, OR = 2.30). Further studies are required to test whether the tentative genotype-phenotype relationship occurred by chance or reflects a real genotypic association between a recessively modifying effect of the short variant of the functional 5-HTT promoter polymorphism and alcohol withdrawal vulnerability.     

On-site digital quantitative coronary angiography: comparison with visual readings in interventional procedures

In order to review the morphological criterion for an interventional procedure, diameter stenosis (%DS) of 226 coronary lesions in 200 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography with an option for ‘prima vista’ angioplasty (pPTCA), was assessed on-site by both visual ‘eye balling’ (EB) and independent digital quantitative coronary angiography (DQCA) by means of an angiographic workstation. Compared to DQCA, EB overestimated the %DS between 50 and 80% and accounted for the majority of discrepancies with overestimation up to 45%. Concordant estimates of %DS by both methods were observed in only 10 of the total of 226 stenotic segments; in 20 of 226 cases, EB underestimated %DS up to 20%. EB revealed a %DS ≥ 60% in 166 stenoses (73.4%), an estimate that led to subsequent pPTCA. However, only 119 (52.6%) of these lesions had a %DS ≥ 60% as assessed objectively by DQCA. With regard to the criterion for PTCA 47 of 166 performed pPTCA (28.3%) would not meet the indication criteria based on objective DQCA information. EB and DQCA (± 5%DS) had concordant results and criteria for pPTCA only in 103 of 166 coronary lesions (62.1%). These results lead to the conclusion that, on-site and on-line DQCA by an independent cardiologist eliminates both under- and overestimation of stenoses as seen with EB. DQCA supports immediate decision-making and appears necessary for reliable evaluation of coronary morphology in an interventional catheterization laboratory setting and may eventually ensure intraprocedural quality control.     

Zytochemischer Polymorphismus der sauren Phosphatase bei Haarzell-Leukämie

Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe zytochemischer Untersuchungen kann bei der Haarzell-Leukämie ein Polymorphismus der sauren Phosphatase (SP) nachgewiesen werden. In einem von vier untersuchten Fällen fehlt jegliche SP in den Haarzellen, bei zweien ist nur tartratsensible SP nachweisbar, im vierten tartratresistente SP in hoher Aktivität. Nach unseren Erfahrungen spricht das Fehlen tartratresistenter SP nicht gegen die Diagnose Haarzell-Leukämie.

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Summary In four cases of hairy cell leukemia a cytochemical polymorphism concerning acid phosphatase (AP) is evident. Any AP is lacking in all hairy cells of one case; only tartrate inhibitable AP is occurring in two cases; in another case tartrate resistant AP is found in high activity. Thus, the lack of tartrate resistant AP seems not to be an argument against hairy cell leukemia.

     

Taste aversions conditioned with gamma radiation: Attenuation by area postrema lesions in rats

The role of the area postrema in radiation induced taste aversions in rats was examined. One group of rats received lesions of the area postrema, another group was given sham lesions and a third group received no surgery. These three groups of rats were then given one pairing of 1 h access to a novel 0.15% sodium saccharin solution followed immediately with exposure to 200 rad gamma radiation. A fourth group of rats with area postrema lesions was given 1 h access to saccharin followed by a sham irradiation procedure. Four days later all groups were given daily two bottle preference tests (saccharin vs water) on 5 consecutive days. The groups with sham lesions or no surgery displayed a strong aversion to saccharin on all 5 test days. The two area postrema lesioned groups displayed a moderate and increasing preference for saccharin over the 5 day test period. The lesioned group given radiation treatment showed a weak but significant aversion (P < 0.05) to saccharin on the first test day, when compared to the lesioned rats not given radiation treatment. Thus, lesions of the area postrema strongly attenuated the radiation induced taste aversions, but did not completely abolish them.     

Conditioned taste aversions induced by 1–5-hydroxytryptophan are mediated by the area postrema

1. Previous studies have shown that injections of 5-HTP can induce conditioned taste aversions when paired with a novel taste.

2. Adult male albino rats received either lesions of the area postrema or were subjected to a sham lesion procedure.

3. All rats were adjusted to a 23 hr/day water deprivation schedule and on the conditioning day were given a 0.15% saccharin solution for hr. After drinking the saccharin fluid 9 area postrema lesioned and 10 sham lesioned rats were injected i.p. with 25 mg/kg 1–5-hydroxytryptophan. Similarly 10 area postrema lesioned and 6 sham lesioned rats were injected with the vehicle solution.

4. A two-bottle choice test between the saccharin solution and water was given to all animals on the third and fourth days after the conditioning day.

5. The sham lesioned rats injected with the 1–5-hydroxytryptophan exhibited a strong aversion to the saccharin taste whereas the vehicle injected sham lesioned rats showed an equal preference for the two fluids. The difference in group mean saccharin preference ratio was significant (p < .01).

6. Both area postrema lesioned groups exhibited saccharin preference ratios that were comparable to and not significantly different from the sham lesioned animals injected with the vehicle solution.

7. These results show that an intact area postrema is necessary for induction of conditioned taste aversions with 1–5-hydroxytryptophan.     

Sodium arsanilate-induced vestibular dysfunction in rats: effects on open-field behavior and spontaneous activity in the automated digiscan monitoring system

Vestibular dysfunction was chemically induced in Long-Evans rats by intratympanic injections (30 mg per side) of sodium arsanilate (atoxyl). Following a one-week recovery period the rats were behaviorally assayed for integrity of the labyrinthine systems. All subjects were tested for presence of the air-righting reflex, the contact-righting reflex (by lightly holding a sheet of Plexiglas against the soles of the rat's feet), and body rotation-induced nystagmus. All animals were then tested for their ability to remain on a small (15 x 15 cm) platform. Next, the subjects were given two 10-min open-field tests during which ambulation, rearing, grooming, and defecation responses were recorded. Four to five weeks later all rats were tested twice (60 min per session) in the automated Digiscan Activity Monitor which provides a multivariate assessment of spontaneous motor activity. The rats with vestibular dysfunction (Group VNX) took significantly less time to fall off the platform (p less than 0.01). They also exhibited significantly more open-field ambulation but fewer rearing responses (ps less than 0.01). An examination of group correlation coefficients for open-field variables and the platform test scores revealed some interesting group differences (ps less than 0.05). In the Digiscan tests the atoxyl-treated rats exhibited fewer number of horizontal movements, but increased speed for these movements (ps less than 0.05). Vertical movements did not differ significantly in incidence, but these movements were greatly reduced in duration (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Exposure to rotating magnetic fields alters morphine-induced behavioral responses in two strains of mice

An exposure for 60 min to a 0.5 Hz rotating magnetic field (1.5-90 G) significantly reduced the day-time analgesic and locomotory effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) in CF-1 and C-57BL strains of mice, respectively. Exposure to lower intensity 60 Hz magnetic fields (0.-1.0 G) had no effect on analgesia induced by morphine. The reduction in responsiveness to morphine after exposure to the greater intensity rotating field was not evident 24 hr later. No changes were seen in the latencies of basal thermal responses or levels of activity of saline-treated mice exposed to the magnetic stimuli.