Impact of Cypermethrin and Carbofuran on the Ovarian Cycle of the Indian Major Carp,Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

A short term histological study was conducted to determine the impacts of technical grade synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin and carbamate pesticide, carbofuran on different phases of ovarian maturation of freshwater indigenous carp, Labeo rohita. Adult females of L. rohita were exposed to sublethal doses of carbofuran (0.06, 0.15 mg/L) and cypermethrin (0.16 and 0.40 μL/L) for 4 weeks during the pre-spawning (March), spawning (July) and post-spawning (November) phase. In the spawning phase, the carp showed maximum ovarian damage by both the pesticides while the pre-spawning phase was the next impaired stage. Considering all the phases of ovarian maturation, cypermethrin exhibited greater level of impact than carbofuran in both of its doses. Gonado-somatic indices for all these phases were also measured. In the reproductive cycle of fish, reduction in gonado-somatic index occurred by both the pesticides in all of its doses and the order was spawning > pre-spawning > post-spawning. It is concluded that ovarian maturation in Indian carp is affected by both the pesticides.     

Adjuvant Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Past,Present, and Future

At the present time, the standard of care for patients who have received nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is radiographic surveillance. With a number of novel targeted agents showing activity in the setting of metastatic RCC, there has been great interest in exploring the potential of the same agents in the adjuvant setting. Herein, we discuss the evolution of adjuvant trials in RCC, spanning from the immunotherapy era to the targeted therapy era. Pitfalls of current studies are addressed to provide a context for interpreting forthcoming results. Finally, we outline avenues to incorporate promising investigational agents, such as PD‐1 (programmed death‐1) inhibitors and MNNG transforming gene inhibitors, in future adjuvant trials.     

Evaluation of Biliary Enteric Anastomosis in Benign Biliary Disorders

Evaluation of various methods of biliary enteric anastomosis in benign biliary diseases (BBD). A surgeon operating for BBD needs to improve the internal drainage of bile to prevent stasis and its back-pressure effects. This is best obtained by biliary enteric anastomosis. A total of 121 cases of biliary enteric anastomosis in BBD were included in this study. The postoperative course and long-term outcome were studied prospectively. In the choledochoduodenostomy group, there were no leaks, no restrictures, and no mortality. Five (10.41 %) patients had cholangitis attacks and 2 (4.17 %) patients had sump syndrome. The choledochojejunostomy group had no leaks, no restrictures. Two (7.14 %) patients had repeated cholangitis and 2 (7.14 %) patients had sump syndrome, no mortality. The hepaticojejunostomy group had 3 cases of anastomotic leak of which 2 healed spontaneously and 1 needed resurgery. There was restricture in 2 cases, in which resurgery was successful—one death, no cholangiocarcinoma. Biliary enteric anastomosis is a safe and effective method for the management of BBD. The method should be selected according to the disease pathology and patient characteristics.     

Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor gluing action guides tissue development and disease

Journal of Molecular Medicine - Phylogenetic analysis of human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) divides these transmembrane signaling proteins into five groups: glutamate, rhodopsin, adhesion,...     

Clinical Course of Central Neurocytoma with Malignant Transformation—An Indication for Craniospinal Irradiation

Central neurocytoma is generally considered to be a benign tumor and the literature suggests that a cure may be attained by surgery ± adjuvant focal irradiation. However, there is a need for change in the therapeutic strategy for the subgroup of patients with aggressive central neurocytoma. An example case is presented and the literature on central neurocytoma cases with malignant features and dissemination via the cerebrospinal fluid is reviewed and the radiotherapeutic strategies available for central neurocytoma treatment is discussed. Nineteen cases including the present report with a malignant course and cerebrospinal fluid dissemination have been described to date, most of them involving an elevated MIB-1 labeling index. Our case exhibited atypical central neurocytoma with an initially elevated MIB-1 labeling index (25–30 %). The primary treatment included surgery and focal radiotherapy. Three years later the disease had disseminated throughout the craniospinal axis. A good tumor response and symptom relief were achieved with repeated radiation and temozolomide chemotherapy. Central neurocytoma with an initially high proliferation activity has a high tendency to spread via the cerebrospinal fluid. The chemo- and radiosensitivity of the tumor suggest a more aggressive adjuvant therapy approach. Cases with a potential for malignant transformation should be identified and treated appropriately, including irradiation of the entire neuroaxis and adjuvant chemotherapy may be considered.     

Regular black tea habit could reduce tobacco associated ROS generation and DNA damage in oral mucosa of normal population

Tobacco and tea habit are very common in world wide. In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of regular drinking of black tea on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA damage in buccal cells of normal subjects with or without tobacco habit. Expression of ROS associated proteins IκB, NF-κB as well as DNA repair associated proteins p53, MLH1 were also analyzed. Exfoliated buccal cells were collected from 308 healthy individuals and classified according to age, tobacco and tea habits. In all age groups, comparatively high ROS level and significantly high DNA damage frequency were seen in individuals with tobacco habit than the subjects without tea and tobacco habits. Tea habit effectively lowered ROS level and restrict DNA damage in tobacco users irrespective of ages. The DNA damage seen in the subjects was not associated with apoptosis. Moreover, tea habit effectively lowered the expression of IκB, NF-κB, p53 and MLH1 in tobacco users in all age groups. It seems that regular black tea habit could have anti-genotoxic effect as revealed by reduced tobacco associated ROS generation and DNA damage in buccal cells.     

Role of type-II pathway in apoptotic cell death induction by photosensitized CDRI-97/78 under ambient exposure of UV-B

Novel trioxane 97/78, developed by Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow has shown promising antimalarial activity. Clinical experience of anti-malarial drugs registered the occurrence of phototoxicity in patients exposed with sunlight subsequent to medication. Photodegradation study has identified one photo-product up to 4 h under UV-B/Sunlight by LC–MS/MS. UV-B irradiated 97/78 compound produced ¹O₂ via type-II dependent reaction mechanism, corroborated by its specific quencher. 2′-dGuO degradation and % tail development in photochemical as well as comet test, advocated the genotoxic potential of 97/78. The photocytotoxicity assays (MTT and NRU) on HaCaT cell line revealed the considerable decline in cell viability by 97/78. Cell cycle and Annexin V/PI double stain along with AO/EB demonstrated the G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. Significant caspase-3 activity was measured in photoexcited 97/78 by colorimetric assay. Fluorescence stain with AO/JC-1 confirmed the lysosomal disruption and mitochondrial membrane destabilization by UV-B irradiated 97/78. Gene expression by RT-PCR showed significant upregulation of p21 and pro-apoptotic Bax, but no change observed in Bcl-2. In conclusion, the study highlights ROS mediated DNA damage, lysosomal and mitochondrial destabilization via upregulation of Bax and activation of caspase-3 which further leads to apoptosis.     

Isolated common bile duct tuberculosis.

We report a patient with isolated involvement of common bile duct by tuberculosis. The diagnosis was established by histological examination of the resected specimen. Surgery and antitubercular chemotherapy resulted in complete recovery.