Risk-Taking in Disorders of Natural and Drug Rewards: Neural Correlates and Effects of Probability,Valence, and Magnitude

Pathological behaviors toward drugs and food rewards have underlying commonalities. Risk-taking has a fourfold pattern varying as a function of probability and valence leading to the nonlinearity of probability weighting with overweighting of small probabilities and underweighting of large probabilities. Here we assess these influences on risk-taking in patients with pathological behaviors toward drug and food rewards and examine structural neural correlates of nonlinearity of probability weighting in healthy volunteers. In the anticipation of rewards, subjects with binge eating disorder show greater risk-taking, similar to substance-use disorders. Methamphetamine-dependent subjects had greater nonlinearity of probability weighting along with impaired subjective discrimination of probability and reward magnitude. Ex-smokers also had lower risk-taking to rewards compared with non-smokers. In the anticipation of losses, obesity without binge eating had a similar pattern to other substance-use disorders. Obese subjects with binge eating also have impaired discrimination of subjective value similar to that of the methamphetamine-dependent subjects. Nonlinearity of probability weighting was associated with lower gray matter volume in dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex in healthy volunteers. Our findings support a distinct subtype of binge eating disorder in obesity with similarities in risk-taking in the reward domain to substance use disorders. The results dovetail with the current approach of defining mechanistically based dimensional approaches rather than categorical approaches to psychiatric disorders. The relationship to risk probability and valence may underlie the propensity toward pathological behaviors toward different types of rewards.     

Patients' satisfaction with fast‐track surgery in gynaecological oncology

This study investigates the experience and satisfaction with care of fast‐tracked gynaecological patients. The Sydney Gynaecological Oncology Group, New South Wales, Australia, has previously shown the benefits of a fast‐track surgery programme for gynaecology patients with both complex benign gynaecological pathology and gynaecological malignancy. The question of whether these benefits translate into a positive experience for fast‐tracked patients, in the context of their hospital stay and healthcare team care, has not been previously explored in detail. A self‐administered satisfaction questionnaire incorporating the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) cancer in‐patient satisfaction with care measure (INPATSAT‐32) questionnaire with additional questions was administered to 106 gynaecology participants at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with patient care and support received from doctors, ward nurses and the hospital as a service and care organisation, within the context of a fast‐track surgical programme. Early hospital discharge after gynaecological surgery results in both enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) and high levels of patient satisfaction.     

A School-based Primary Prevention Group for Children with Alterations in Health Status

The implementation of primary prevention measures for the positive mental health of children has been identified by psychiatric nursing leaders as a priority for child psychiatric nurses. Promoting positive mental health behaviors in school-aged children is facilitated by establishing a helping relationship within the context of small-group activity situated in the child's natural school setting. The authors describe the theory and process of establishing a time-limited, closed group in a school setting, for 10 children who were experiencing some alteration in health status.     

Child Psychiatric Nursing and the Family

Within the growing body of nursing literature, a relatively new method of inquiry, critical theory, has emerged. Critical theory is used as a framework toward understanding the social realities in which child psychiatric nurses must act when negotiating with family systems. Nursing's predominant view of the family, structural-functionalism, is examined by the use of the dialectic and Habermasian critique.     

Validation of the Defining Characteristics of Altered Sexuality Patterns

Human sexuality is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that encompasses physical, psychological, and social components. The nursing diagnosis altered sexuality patterns labels the human response to alterations in sexuality that occur as the result of various health problems. This validation of the defining characteristics of the diagnosis was based on a substantive theory derived from a qualitative grounded theory study. In the original study, data from 11 adult insulin-dependent diabetics living in a rural area of the Midwest were analyzed and relevant experiences conceptualized through the core concept of transforming and the supporting concepts of valuing self and meeting intimacy needs. The theory was then used as a framework to formulate specific defining characteristics for the nursing diagnosis. A single diagnosis of altered sexuality has emerged that encompasses the perception of change in sexuality as well as the change itself.