Laser incisional surgery

Soft tissue surgery is more efficient, and sometimes more effective, using laser incisional surgery as opposed to standard techniques. The modern generation of lasers produces soft tissue incisions with a minimum amount of thermal damage at wound edges. The transition to laser incisional surgery requires a knowledge of methods, maneuvers, and safety information.     

Validity and reliability of a modified qualitative dietary fat index in low-income, overweight, African American adolescent girls

This study evaluated the validity and reliability of a modified qualitative dietary fat index questionnaire (QFQ) in an adolescent minority population. The QFQ was administered to study participants twice over a 2-week period, and data were compared with mean values from three 24-hour recalls. Fifty-seven low-income, overweight, African American adolescent girls, aged 11 to 17 years, were recruited from 7 public housing developments in Atlanta, Georgia. To determine validity, the total QFQ score was compared with the mean values of total fat, percentage of energy from fat, and total energy from three 24-hour recalls within 2 weeks of first administration of the QFQ. Reliability was tested in a subsample (n=22) by comparing total QFQ scores administered 2 weeks apart. total fat was significantly correlated (r=0.31, p<.05) with the QFQ score. Total energy (r=20.23) and percentage of energy from fat (r= -0.23) were not significantly correlated with the QFQ score. The test-retest QFQ scores were significantly correlated (r=0.54, p<.01). The data suggest that additional modifications are needed to make the QFQ more appropriate for low-income, overweight, African American adolescent girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100;1525-1529.     

Simplified quantitative determination of cerebral perfusion reserve with H2(15)O PET and acetazolamide

The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and perfusion reserve (PR) with H2(15)O positron emission tomography (PET) and acetazolamide challenge is of importance in evaluating patients with cerebrovascular disease and is thought to be useful in selecting patients for possible vascular surgery. Full quantitative assessment of rCBF with PET requires arterial blood sampling, which is inconvenient in a clinical setting. In this work, we present a simple non-invasive method with which to quantitatively evaluate PR in one PET session lasting no more than 30 min. In ten patients with cerebrovascular disease, rCBF was measured with H2(15)O PET under the baseline condition and after administration of 1 g acetazolamide using a standard technique involving arterial blood sampling. The activity accumulated over 60 s was normalized to injected activity per kilogram body weight (nAA) and compared with rCBF in eight different brain regions. A high linear correlation was found for PR based on nAA (PRnAA) and rCBF (PRrCBF) (PRnAA=0.843 PRrCBF + 0.092, r=-0.83, Pearson's correlation coefficient). Bland-Altman analyses further confirmed that PRnAA reflects PR in a quantitative manner. These results demonstrate that the method based on normalized counts allows the quantitative assessment of PR without blood sampling.     

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2B is widely expressed throughout the rat diencephalon: an immunohistochemical study

Glutamate (Glu), a major excitatory neurotransmitter within the hypothalamus and thalamus, acts upon many receptors, including the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype. Abundant evidence suggests that variations in the subunit composition of NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs) contribute to differences in Glu's immediate electrophysiological effects as well as to the patterns of signal transduction cascades it triggers to mediate long-term changes in neuronal function. We have previously shown that hypothalamic NMDA-Rs containing the NR2B subunit may be involved in the control of eating as well as in the mediation of physiological responses to osmotic stimuli. To broaden our understanding of diencephalic NMDA-R participation in other functions, we localized the NR2B subunit in the diencephalon of the adult male rat using immunoperoxidase, immunogold, and immunofluorescence techniques and an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody specific for the NR2B subunit of the NMDA-R. In addition, we used a monoclonal NR2B antibody with immunoperoxidase detection to confirm the NR2B distribution seen with the polyclonal antibody. In the hypothalamus, the highest levels of NR2B immunoreactivity (-ir) were found in the magnocellular neurosecretory system, including the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. A new finding was that intense NR2B-ir was present within perivascular "accessory" magnocellular groups of this system, including the nucleus circularis, anterior fornical nucleus, and scattered clusters of lateral hypothalamic cells apposed to blood vessels. Robust NR2B-ir was also present within the arcuate nucleus, the median eminence, and the tuberal nucleus, and light immunostaining was found in all other hypothalamic nuclei examined. In the thalamus, the highest NR2B-ir was observed in the medial habenula and the anterodorsal, paraventricular, rhomboid, reticular, and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei. As in the hypothalamus, all thalamic nuclei examined displayed at least light immunostaining for this subunit. Control sections, including those incubated with the polyclonal NR2B antibody preadsorbed with its fusion protein, were virtually devoid of immunostaining. This demonstration that the NR2B subunit of the NMDA-R is widely distributed in the diencephalon, implicates it in a wide variety of functions, and provides a useful anatomical framework for establishing a comprehensive map of Glu receptor populations within this major subdivision of the brain.