硒对鸡胚脑发育的影响

目的观察补硒对正常鸡胚脑谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、Ⅱ型脱碘酶(IDⅡ)活性和生长相关蛋白(GAP-43)表达的影响,探讨硒对正常动物脑发育的作用。方法对孵育8 d的鸡胚分别注射不同剂量的MSeC(含0、1、5、10、20、40 μg硒),孵育至第20天时处死。测定脑组织中硒、GPx活性、IDⅡ活性,检测GAP-43蛋白的表达。结果对正常鸡胚补硒,可提高脑硒水平、脑GPx活性及GAP-43的表达,补硒量与脑硒、脑GPx活性显著相关(P< 0.01),而与脑IDⅡ活性无相关性。结论MSeC可有效提高鸡胚脑组织硒水平、脑GPx活性和GAP-43的表达,对脑IDⅡ活性没有影响。对正常鸡胚适量补硒可能会促进神经系统的生长和发育。     

Acquired factor VII deficiency in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

Acquired factor VII (FVII) deficiency in the absence of vitamin K deficiency, oral anticoagulant therapy, synthetic liver dysfunction, or DIC is rare, with only a handful of cases thus far reported. In the period from 1990 to 1996 we identified eight patients with acquired FVII deficiency, all of whom presented with prolongation of the prothrombin time (PT) in the first 2 weeks following stem cell transplantation (SCT). The mean plasma FVII clotting activity (FVII:c) was 22% (range 8-35%) with an approximately equivalent reduction in FVII antigen (FVII:Ag) level. Mean plasma levels of fibrinogen and factors II, V, IX, and X were normal. Protein C activity was significantly depressed in only one of the three patients in whom it was measured. Several patients experienced bleeding complications, and hemorrhage directly accounted for death in two cases. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver developed in three patients. We conclude that FVII deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of prolonged PT in patients who have recently undergone SCT. The mechanism of this acquired deficiency state remains to be defined.     

Trends in Alcohol-Related Mortality among New Mexico's American Indians, Hispanics, and Non-Hispanic Whites

Reduction of alcohol-related mortality is a national goal for health promotion and disease prevention. We conducted this analysis to determine whether trends in New Mexico's Hispanics, non-Hispanic Whites, and American Indians were consistent with national trends in alcohol-related mortality, and whether differences in drinking patterns could account for racial and ethnic differences in rates. Age-adjusted, race-specific, and ethnic-specific alcohol-related mortality rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for 5-year periods for 1958–1991 using New Mexico vital statistics data. We estimated the prevalence of acute and chronic at-risk drinking behaviors and abstinence from data collected by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for the period 1986–1992. We found that alcohol-related mortality rates varied substantially by race, ethnicity, sex, age, and calendar period. American Indians had the highest rates for both sexes. Rates increased sharply from the period 1958–1962 until the late 1970s and the early 1980s, and then began to decrease rapidly. However, during the most recent decade, the rates have followed contrasting trends in the three ethnic and racial groups. Although rates have continued to decline among non-Hispanic Whites, rates for Hispanics and American Indians have not declined, and still remain substantially higher than rates during the 1958–1962 period. Differences in at-risk drinking behaviors reported to the BRFSS do not explain the contrast in race-specific and ethnic-specific mortality rates. Although progress has been made in reducing national per capita alcohol consumption and alcohol-related mortality, certain high-risk racial and ethnic groups may not be sharing in the progress.     

Clinical features and management of haemophilic pseudotumours: a single US centre experience over a 30‐year period

Given the rarity of haemophilic pseudotumours, consensus on management is lacking. We describe the clinical features and management of haemophilic pseudotumours by retrospectively reviewing the medical records of haemophilia patients with a diagnosis of pseudotumour seen at our Hemophilia Center from 1981 to 2011. We recorded the following data: type and severity of haemophilia, documented aetiological antecedent, localization of the pseudotumour, presenting symptoms, management and outcome. We identified 12 pseudotumours in 11 patients over a 30‐year period. Six patients had known inhibitors or a history of inhibitor. An aetiological antecedent leading to the development of pseudotumour was reported in nine cases. Localization of the pseudotumour was confined to soft tissue (n = 3) and bone (n = 8). Six of the 12 pseudotumours (50%) were not diagnosed at the time of initial presentation, with a delay ranging from 6 weeks to 6 years. In eight cases, surgical intervention (surgical drainage, n = 2; excision, n = 4; limb amputation, n = 2) was the initial treatment choice, with complete resolution in six cases. Conservative management with close monitoring occurred in three cases, with one case subsequently requiring surgical resection. We conclude that haemophilic pseudotumours still occur sporadically, and the diagnosis is frequently delayed. Surgical intervention is generally a safe and effective treatment, although conservative management may be appropriate in selected cases.     

Social and emotional processing in Prader-Willi syndrome: genetic subtype differences

Background

People with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) demonstrate social dysfunction and increased risk of autism spectrum disorder, especially those with the maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) versus paternal deletion genetic subtype. This study compared the neural processing of social (faces) and nonsocial stimuli, varying in emotional valence, across genetic subtypes in 24 adolescents and adults with PWS.

Methods

Upright and inverted faces, and nonsocial objects with positive and negative emotional valence were presented to participants with PWS in an oddball paradigm with smiling faces serving as targets. Behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data were recorded.

Results

There were no genetic subtype group differences in accuracy, and all participants performed above chance level. ERP responses revealed genetic subtype differences in face versus object processing. In those with deletions, the face-specific posterior N170 response varied in size for face stimuli versus inverted faces versus nonsocial objects. Persons with mUPD generated N170 of smaller amplitude and showed no stimulus differentiation. Brain responses to emotional content did not vary by subtype. All participants elicited larger posterior and anterior late positive potential responses to positive objects than to negative objects. Emotion-related differences in response to faces were limited to inverted faces only in the form of larger anterior late positive potential amplitudes to negative emotions over the right hemisphere. Detection of the target smiling faces was evident in the increased amplitude of the frontal and central P3 responses but only for inverted smiling faces.

Conclusion

Persons with the mUPD subtype of PWS may show atypical face versus object processes, yet both subtypes demonstrated potentially altered processing, attention to and/or recognition of faces and their expressions.     

Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in European men and women: influence of beverage type and body sizeThe EPIC-InterAct study

Abstract. Beulens JWJ, van der Schouw YT, Bergmann MM, Rohrmann S, B Schulze M, Buijsse B, Grobbee DE, Arriola L, Cauchi S, Tormo M‐J, Allen NE, van der A DL, Balkau B, Boeing H, Clavel‐Chapelon F, de Lauzon‐Guillan B, Franks P, Froguel P, Gonzales C, Halkjær J, Huerta JM, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Krogh V, Molina‐Montes E, Nilsson P, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Ramón Quirós J, Ronaldsson O, Romieu I, Romaguera D, Sacerdote C, Sánchez M‐J, Spijkerman AMW, Teucher B, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, Sharp S, Forouhi NG, Langenberg C, Feskens EJM, Riboli E, Wareham NJ (University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam‐Rehbrücke, Germany; German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany; Basque Government, San Sebastian, CIBERESP, Spain; Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France; Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain; University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Inserm, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif Cedex, France; Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Imperial College, London, UK; Department of Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain; Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milan, Milan, Italy; Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; School of Public Health, Aarhus, Denmark; Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy; Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy; Consejeria de Salud y Servicios Sanitarios, Oviedo‐Asturias, Spain; Umea University, Umea, Sweden; International Agency for Research of Cancer, Lyon, France; Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO‐Piemonte), Torino, Italy; “Civile ‐ M.P. Arezzo” Hospital, Ragusa, Italy; Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK; and Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands). Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in European men and women: influence of beverage type and body size. The EPIC–InterAct study. J Intern Med 2012; 272: 358–370. Objective: To investigate the association between alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes, and determine whether this is modified by sex, body mass index (BMI) and beverage type. Design: Multicentre prospective case–cohort study. Setting: Eight countries from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Subjects: A representative baseline sample of 16 154 participants and 12 403 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. Interventions: Alcohol consumption assessed using validated dietary questionnaires. Main outcome measures: Occurrence of type 2 diabetes based on multiple sources (mainly self‐reports), verified against medical information. Results: Amongst men, moderate alcohol consumption was nonsignificantly associated with a lower incidence of diabetes with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.78–1.05) for 6.1–12.0 versus 0.1–6.0 g day^?1, adjusted for dietary and diabetes risk factors. However, the lowest risk was observed at higher intakes of 24.1–96.0 g day^?1 with an HR of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.75–0.98). Amongst women, moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a lower incidence of diabetes with a hazard ratio of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.72–0.92) for 6.1–12.0 g day^?1 (P interaction gender <0.01). The inverse association between alcohol consumption and diabetes was more pronounced amongst overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg m^?2) than normal‐weight men and women (P interaction < 0.05). Adjusting for waist and hip circumference did not alter the results for men, but attenuated the association for women (HR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.79–1.03 for 6.1–12.0 g day^?1). Wine consumption for men and fortified wine consumption for women were most strongly associated with a reduced risk of diabetes. Conclusions: The results of this study show that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes amongst women only. However, this risk reduction is in part explained by fat distribution. The relation between alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes was stronger for overweight than normal‐weight women and men.     

艾灸预处理对大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤增殖修复相关因子的影响

目的:观察艾灸预处理对应激性胃黏膜损伤大鼠血清和胃黏膜表皮生长因子(EGF)、转化生长因子-α(TGF-α)、胃黏膜三叶因子家族-1(TFF1)、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的影响,探讨艾灸预处理促进胃黏膜损伤增殖修复的作用机制.方法:将48只健康SD大鼠随机分为4组,即空白组、模型组、艾灸穴位组、艾灸非穴组.束缚冷应激法制作大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤模型.造模之前,艾灸组选取足三里、中脘、脾俞和胃俞等穴位行艾灸预处理8d,艾灸非穴组选取非穴对照点进行预处理.以Guth法计算胃黏膜损伤指数,光镜下观察大鼠胃黏膜组织学改变,放射免疫法测定血清EGF与TGF-α的含量,酶免法检测胃黏膜组织中EGF、TGF-α、TFF1和PCNA的含量.结果:与模型组和艾灸非穴组比较,艾灸足三里、中脘等穴位可使应激性胃黏膜损伤大鼠胃黏膜损伤指数明显下降(14.667±5.710vs27.250±7.448,24.750±7.300,P<0.01),血清EGF、TGF-α含量升高(2.167±0.756vs1.147±0.983,1.358±0.962,P<0.05;11.170±1.315vs4.585±0.720vs5.118±0.659,P<0.01),胃黏膜EGF、TGF-α和PCNA含量升高(343.560±27.644vs269.610±45.119,279.590±58.890,P<0.05;147.470±17.784vs115.530±24.319,116.620±14.908,P<0.01;191.910±37.262vs154.580±18.910,152.450±20.333,P<0.05);与模型组比较,艾灸穴位组胃黏膜TFF1含量明显升高(4.573±0.121vs3.654±0.507,P<0.05).结论:艾灸足三里、中脘等穴位预处理可减轻束缚水浸应激所造成大鼠胃黏膜损伤、促进胃黏膜损伤组织增殖修复,可能是通过上调胃黏膜损伤增殖修复相关因子(EGF、TGF-α、TFF1和PCNA)而达到其促胃黏膜损伤修复的作用.     

Ezrin和HER2在胃癌组织芯片中的表达及意义

目的:探讨Ezrin蛋白在胃癌组织中的表达,与肿瘤浸润、转移的关系及与HER2的相互作用.方法:485例原发性胃癌组织中高、中、低分化胃癌分别为19例、235例和231例;有淋巴结转移者353例;TNM分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ期166例,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期319例.另外取距肿瘤7cm的正常胃黏膜组织40例.制成8个组织芯片蜡块,用免疫组织化学方法检测石蜡包埋的胃及胃癌组织中的Ezrin和人类表皮生长因子受体2(hum an epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)蛋白表达.所有患者均经外科手术治疗,病理诊断明确,术前未经放、化疗.结果:Ezrin和HER2在胃癌组织中高表达,二者均与肿瘤Lauren’s分型和肿瘤分化程度相关(χ2=17.625,χ2=20.386,均P=0.000;χ2=9.474,P=0.009,χ2=13.377,P=0.010);Ezrin同时还与组织学(日本分型)、TNM分期、浸润深度和淋巴结转移相关(χ2=37.542,P=0.000;χ2=12.237,P=0.002;χ2=21.194,P=0.002;χ2=9.868,P=0.007).Ezrin和HER2蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.129,P=0.004).结论:Ezrin可能是预测胃癌组织浸润、转移有用的指标;联合检测Ezrin和HER2可作为判断胃癌预后、筛选高危转移患者的有效指标并有可能用于指导胃癌的个体化治疗.