体外纯化后和诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞与骨髓单个核细胞移植治疗心肌梗死的效果比较

目的:将骨髓单个核细胞、体外培养纯化后及诱导后的骨髓间充质干细胞注射至大鼠心肌梗死区域,观察移植细胞的增殖及分化情况,分析其对缺血心肌细胞修复重建能力与心功能改善的影响。方法:实验于2005-07/2006-04在安徽省干细胞研究和治疗中心完成。取清洁级健康雄性新西兰白兔40只,按随机数字表法分为4组:骨髓间充质干细胞组、5-杂氮胞苷诱导组、骨髓单个核细胞组、对照组,10只/组。均于左心耳下缘结扎冠状动脉左前降支建立心肌梗死模型,心电图出现S-T段弓背样抬高认为结扎成功。2周后骨髓间充质干细胞组注射第3代自体骨髓间充质干细胞1×106个,5-杂氮胞苷诱导组注射经5-杂氮胞苷诱导24h的第3代自体骨髓间充质干细胞1×106个,骨髓单个核细胞组注射骨髓单个核细胞2.5×107个/400μL,对照组仅注射400μL L-DMEM培养基。分别在术前、移植前、移植后2,4周应用超声心动图评价心脏功能,同时利用心肌声学造影观察缺血区的血流灌注情况。细胞移植后8周采用免疫荧光检测移植细胞在梗死区的生长状况,苏木精-伊红染色于普通显微镜下记数梗死区毛细血管密度。结果:骨髓间充质干细胞组9只、5-杂氮胞苷诱导组9只、骨髓单个核细胞组10只、对照组6只进入结果分析,其余动物因造模死亡未能完成整个实验。①超声心动检查发现术前、细胞移植前4组左室射血分数、左室短轴短缩率组间比较差异不显著;与对照组相比,细胞移植后2,4周骨髓间充质干细胞组和5-杂氮胞苷诱导组左室射血分数、左室短轴短缩率明显升高[对照组:(60.4±5.1)%,(62.4±7.8)%;(28.8±1.4)%,(27.2±5.3)%;骨髓间充质干细胞组:(70.8±4.6)%,(70.4±6.1)%;(33.8±3.4)%,(33.9±3.5)%;5-杂氮胞苷诱导组:(71.7±6.8)%,(70.3±5.8)%;(34.7±5.7)%,(35.5±6.3)%,P<0.05];左室收缩末内径、左室舒张末内径细胞移植组与对照组相比,差异不显著;心肌声学造影见细胞移植后心肌梗死区血流灌注改善明显。②细胞移植术后8周,所有细胞移植组均见Dil阳性移植细胞存活,并表达α横纹肌肌动蛋白和结蛋白。5-杂氮胞苷诱导组Dil阳性细胞出现具有典型横纹和肌小节样结构的心肌样细胞,各细胞移植组毛细血管密度均较对照组明显增多[(38.6±7.6)/mm2,(32.9±5.7)/mm2,(38.5±2.0)/mm2,(21.4±3.9)/mm2,P<0.05],各移植组间差异不显著。结论:①体外纯化培养与经5-杂氮胞苷诱导24h的骨髓间充质干细胞,以及新鲜分离的骨髓单个核细胞自体移植8周后均存活于梗死心肌中,并表达心肌细胞特异性标志α横纹肌肌动蛋白和结蛋白,移植后可明显改善左室收缩功能,增加毛细血管密度,改善局部血流灌注。②5-杂氮胞苷有助于促进骨髓间充质干细胞在体内向心肌细胞的分化成熟。     

Growth and development following marrow transplantation for leukemia

One hundred forty-two patients between the ages of 1 and 17 years who survived disease-free more than 1 year after marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancy had growth and development evaluations from one to 14 years posttransplant (median 4 years). Prior to transplant all children received multiagent chemotherapy and 55 also received central nervous system irradiation, but none had growth and development evaluations. Marrow transplant preparation included high-dose chemotherapy and total body irradiation (TBI) given as a single dose of 9.2 to 10.0 Gy (79 patients) or as fractionated doses of 2.0 to 2.25 Gy/d for six to seven days (63 patients). After transplant abnormal thyroid function was present in 39%. Stimulated 11-desoxycortisol levels were subnormal in 24% of patients evaluated. Growth hormone (GH) deficiency was present in 17 of 25 children who received previous cranial irradiation. Partial GH deficiency was present in 4 of 25 who received previous cranial irradiation and in 6 of 18 who had not received cranial irradiation. Height velocity was decreased in all patients. After transplant, height was significantly influenced by chronic graft-v-host disease and single-dose TBI. Sixty-eight percent had delayed development of secondary sexual characteristics. Gonadal failure occurred in nearly all who were postpubertal at transplant. While it is not possible to determine how many of these endocrine abnormalities occurred as a result of treatment administered prior to transplantation, these data do demonstrate that children who become long-term survivors after marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancy have endocrine abnormalities that adversely affect growth and development.     

Immunohistochemical localization of membrane and alpha-granule proteins in plastic-embedded mouse bone marrow megakaryocytes and murine megakaryocyte colonies

Using an immunoperoxidase technique that permits optimal antigen localization at the light microscope level, we have detected two platelet alpha-granule constituents and three platelet membrane glycoproteins in mouse bone marrow megakaryocytes and in murine megakaryocyte colonies grown in soft agar culture for three to seven days. Using polyclonal antibodies prepared against human platelet proteins, we have demonstrated labeling for von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, and the membrane glycoproteins IIIa and GMP-140 in both bone marrow megakaryocytes and megakaryocyte colonies after seven days of culture. Using monoclonal antibodies to membrane glycoproteins IIb and GMP-140, we have demonstrated label in mouse bone marrow megakaryocytes. Granulocyte and macrophage colonies were negative for each of these markers. Murine bone marrow megakaryocytes and megakaryocyte colonies demonstrated a similar enzyme histochemical pattern: weakly positive for alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase and negative for chloroacetate esterase. These data indicate that megakaryocytes grown in soft agar culture express many of the same glycoproteins as bone marrow megakaryocytes. Furthermore, the ability of antibodies directed against human platelet membrane glycoproteins to identify murine megakaryocyte glycoproteins indicates that these constituents have been highly conserved during evolution.     

Hippocampal-prefrontal dynamics in spatial working memory: interactions and independent parallel processing

Memory processes may be independent, compete, operate in parallel, or interact. In accordance with this view, behavioral studies suggest that the hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) may act as an integrated circuit during performance of tasks that require working memory over longer delays, whereas during short delays the HPC and PFC may operate in parallel or have completely dissociable functions. In the present investigation we tested rats in a spatial delayed non-match to sample working memory task using short and long time delays to evaluate the hypothesis that intermediate CA1 region of the HPC (iCA1) and medial PFC (mPFC) interact and operate in parallel under different temporal working memory constraints. In order to assess the functional role of these structures, we used an inactivation strategy in which each subject received bilateral chronic cannula implantation of the iCA1 and mPFC, allowing us to perform bilateral, contralateral, ipsilateral, and combined bilateral inactivation of structures and structure pairs within each subject. This novel approach allowed us to test for circuit-level systems interactions, as well as independent parallel processing, while we simultaneously parametrically manipulated the temporal dimension of the task. The current results suggest that, at longer delays, iCA1 and mPFC interact to coordinate retrospective and prospective memory processes in anticipation of obtaining a remote goal, whereas at short delays either structure may independently represent spatial information sufficient to successfully complete the task.     

Quantifying the risks and benefits of efavirenz use in HIV‐infected women of childbearing age in the USA

Objectives

The aim of the study was to quantify the benefits (life expectancy gains) and risks (efavirenz‐related teratogenicity) associated with using efavirenz in HIV‐infected women of childbearing age in the USA.

Methods

We used data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study in an HIV disease simulation model to estimate life expectancy in women who receive an efavirenz‐based initial antiretroviral regimen compared with those who delay efavirenz use and receive a boosted protease inhibitor‐based initial regimen. To estimate excess risk of teratogenic events with and without efavirenz exposure per 100 000 women, we incorporated literature‐based rates of pregnancy, live births, and teratogenic events into a decision analytic model. We assumed a teratogenicity risk of 2.90 events/100 live births in women exposed to efavirenz during pregnancy and 2.68/100 live births in unexposed women.

Results

Survival for HIV‐infected women who received an efavirenz‐based initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen was 0.89 years greater than for women receiving non‐efavirenz‐based initial therapy (28.91 vs. 28.02 years). The rate of teratogenic events was 77.26/100 000 exposed women, compared with 72.46/100 000 unexposed women. Survival estimates were sensitive to variations in treatment efficacy and AIDS‐related mortality. Estimates of excess teratogenic events were most sensitive to pregnancy rates and number of teratogenic events/100 live births in efavirenz‐exposed women.

Conclusions

Use of non‐efavirenz‐based initial ART in HIV‐infected women of childbearing age may reduce life expectancy gains from antiretroviral treatment, but may also prevent teratogenic events. Decision‐making regarding efavirenz use presents a trade‐off between these two risks; this study can inform discussions between patients and health care providers.     

The role of the dentate gyrus, CA3a,b, and CA3c for detecting spatial and environmental novelty

It has been suggested that the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 cooperate to efficiently process spatial information. The DG has been proposed to be important for fine spatial discrimination, and the CA3 has been proposed to mediate larger scale spatial information processing. To evaluate the roles of the DG and CA3a,b for spatial processing, we developed a task that measures responses to either overall environmental novelty or a response to more subtle changes within the environment. Animals with lesions to the DG showed impaired novelty detection for both environment as well as smaller changes in the environment, whereas animals with lesions to CA3a,b showed no such deficits. A closer look at the lesions suggested that the CA3 lesions included only CA3a and CA3b, but spared CA3c. To test the role of the spared CA3c region, animals with selective lesions to CA3c that spared CA3a,b were run on the same task and showed an intermediate pattern of deficits. These results suggest that the DG is critical for spatial information processing. These data also suggest that CA3 is a heterogeneous structure, with CA3c lesioned animals showing greater spatial processing deficits than CA3a,b lesioned animals. These findings extend our knowledge of hippocampal function and need to be accounted for in future computational models.     

Evaluating the differential roles of the dorsal dentate gyrus, dorsal CA3, and dorsal CA1 during a temporal ordering for spatial locations task

It has been demonstrated that the dorsal CA1 subregion of the hippocampus mediates temporal processing of information, that dorsal CA3 participates in the spatiotemporal processing of memory, and the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) mediates spatial pattern separation. A temporal ordering of spatial locations task was developed to test the role of the dorsal DG, CA3, and CA1 for the temporal processing of spatial information with either high or low levels of spatial interference. The results indicate that animals with DG lesions showed difficulty performing the task at high levels of spatial interference, but were able to perform the task well when there was low spatial interference. Animals with lesions to CA3 did not show a preference for either spatial location presented during the study phase during the preference test, suggesting impaired spatiotemporal processing. Animals with lesions to CA1 showed a preference for a later presented spatial location over the earlier, the opposite preference to that shown by control animals.     

精子释放时精子质量的检测方法

评价新修订的《世界卫生组织人类精液分析实验室技术手册》(简称手册)中涉及精子释放(精子脱离支持细胞从睾丸中排出)时的精子特征。修订手册的目的是在不影响临床应用的情况下改善"精液分析的质量"。手册指出,精液分析还有助于①研究男性生殖状态。②在男性生殖调节期间和之后监测精子的发生状态。但是,如果对射精精液精子的分析是用于上述②的目的,那么就必须识别出精子释放时的异常精子。手册未提出精子释放时精子质量的检测方法。相反,采用了精子穿过宫颈黏液或到达受精位置这一"金标准"。这个标准虽然适合于判断个体使其伴侣妊娠的可能性,但却不适用于研究睾丸本身的疾病。因此,手册介绍的测定精子质量的方法无法鉴别精子异常是发生在精子释放同时还是之后。基于活动或"活"精子的百分率评价精子释放时的精子质量是没有意义的。介绍了能反映精子释放时精子质量的其他特征,基于射出精液中单个精子的质量特征评价精子释放时精子质量可采用以下方法:①采用新的精子质量形态评估体系。②采用现代技术评价一定样本中单个精子的几个合适和独立的特征,以便更准确地确定异常精子的比例。