Breast feeding and respiratory morbidity in infancy: a birth cohort study.

AIM: To examine the relation between the duration of breast feeding and morbidity as a result of respiratory illness and infection in the first year of life. METHODS: Prospective birth cohort study of 2602 live born children ascertained through antenatal clinics at the major tertiary obstetric hospital in Perth, Western Australia. Main outcome measures were hospital, doctor, or clinic visits, and hospital admissions for respiratory illness and infection in the first year of life. Main exposure measures were the duration of predominant breast feeding (defined as the age other milk was introduced) and partial (any) breast feeding (defined as the age breast feeding was stopped). Main confounders were gender, gestational age less than 37 weeks, smoking in pregnancy, older siblings, maternal education, and maternal age. RESULTS: Hospital, doctor, or clinic visits for four or more upper respiratory tract infections were significantly greater if predominant breast feeding was stopped before 2 months or partial breast feeding was stopped before 6 months. Predominant breast feeding for less than six months was associated with an increased risk for two or more hospital, doctor, or clinic visits and hospital admission for wheezing lower respiratory illness. Breast feeding for less than eight months was associated with a significantly increased risk for two or more hospital, doctor, or clinic visits or hospital admissions because of wheezing lower respiratory illnesses. CONCLUSIONS: Predominant breast feeding for at least six months and partial breast feeding for up to one year may reduce the prevalence and subsequent morbidity of respiratory illness and infection in infancy.     

高频电波刀行电圈切除治疗宫颈病变的临床应用探讨

目的　评价高频电波刀行电圈切除 (LEEP)治疗宫颈病变中的临床应用价值。方法　回顾性分析我院 2 71例LEEP治疗宫颈病变的临床资料 ,所有病例均行阴道镜下多点活检和LEEP术后病理诊断 ,在炎症和赘生物病变外缘 3mm进出电极 ,对于CINI与HPV感染患者 ,电极在病变边缘外 5mm进出。结果　阴道镜下多点活检与LEEP术标本的病理诊断差别有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。 2 71例患者术后随访 2 4 3例 ,术后复查宫颈细胞学 ,仅 9 0 5 %出现细胞核肥大和核异质。结论　LEEP对包括炎症、损伤、癌前病变、HPV感染等宫颈病变是一种非常理想的诊断、治疗手段。宫颈细胞学检查、阴道镜下多点活检、LEEP术后病理诊断构成了宫颈病变系统的诊断模式。LEEP可以广泛地应用于治疗CIN各级病变 (原位癌除外 ) ,LEEP也适用于CINI的治疗 ,LEEP治疗的范围可以在病变边缘外 5mm处进出电极     

pH-敏感甲硝唑壳聚糖-聚乙烯吡咯烷酮水凝胶的研究

 目的 制备pH-敏感的壳聚糖-聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）水凝胶，作为甲硝唑治疗胃溃疡控释给药系统的载体。方法 用戊二醛交联适宜比例混合的壳聚糖、PVP混合物，负载甲硝唑或不负载甲硝唑，制备载药水凝胶及空白水凝胶，再冷冻干燥形成半渗透聚合网状物Semi-IPN。用扫描电镜观察性状结构，用测角仪测定其辛烷接触角，用电子天平测其在不同pH介质中的膨胀率，用红外测定了其特征峰，同时考察了载药水凝胶体外释药特性，初步药理实验判断其对实验性胃溃疡的疗效。结果 水凝胶具多孔性，且可很好地负载甲硝唑。辛烷接触角为(143.8±1.02)°，显示本品有较大的亲水性。膨胀率随pH的降低而增大，红外图谱说明水凝胶在酸性介质中膨胀时有-NH₂质子化。甲硝唑在酸性介质中的释放也随pH降低而增大，在pH 1.0介质中，3 h达最大释放量87%。初步药理实验表明，与对照组及甲硝唑片治疗组相比，该甲硝唑水凝胶对胃溃疡具有较优的治疗作用（P分别<0.01及P<0.05）。结论 甲硝唑水凝胶具有pH-敏感膨胀性，可改善甲硝唑对实验性胃溃疡的治疗作用，可作为治疗胃溃疡的新型胃部控释系统研究开发。     

胃肠造瘘术在全梗阻型食管癌放疗中的应用

目的　评价胃肠造瘘术在全梗阻型食管癌放疗中的临床应用价值。方法　 98例全梗阻食管癌放疗病人 ,5 3例于疗前及疗中行胃肠造瘘术 ,其中照射剂量DT>5 0Gy为 2 7例 ,余 2 6例放疗剂量DT<5 0Gy ;45例于疗中仅予输液支持以维持放疗。结果　行胃肠造瘘术组kanofsky评分较对照组明显提高 ,体重亦维持或增加明显 ,两者比较P <0 0 0 5 ;胃肠造瘘术组与对照组其 1年及 3年生存率分别为 :33 9%、2 8 8%和 15 0 %、4 4% ,两组间生存率差异有显著性意义 ( χ2 =7 2 5 ,P =0 0 0 71) ;胃肠造瘘术组中放疗DT>5 0Gy与DT<5 0Gy病人其 1年及 3年生存率分别为 :48 1%、19 2 %及 2 2 2 %、7 7% ,两组间生存率统计学有显著差异 ( χ2 =4 2 0 ,P =0 0 40 4)。结论　全梗阻型食管癌疗前或疗中行胃肠造瘘术 ,可在改善病人体质状况、维持或增加体重基础上 ,明显提高患者 1年及3年的生存率 ,且放疗剂量DT 应 >5 0Gy。     

高温对人舌癌细胞粘附性影响的实验研究

[目的]观察高温外理前、后的人舌癌细胞(Tca鄄8113)对层粘连蛋白(Ln)和纤维粘连蛋白(Fn)的粘附能力的影响,探寻高温治癌的机理。[方法]采用结晶紫染色法分别测定在37℃条件下培养24小时和在43℃条件下加热40分钟后继续培养24小时的Tca鄄8113细胞对Ln和Fn的粘附能力。[结果]加温后的人舌癌细胞粘附在包被了Fn和Ln孔板上的数量、密度明显减小;通过酶标仪测定光密度OD值,发现加温组的OD值均低于未加温组的OD值,两组相比,具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。[结论]高温能够降低人舌癌细胞对Fn、Ln的粘附能力,从而降低肿瘤细胞对基底膜的浸润、转移力,达到治疗肿瘤的目的。     

3种基因工程药物对大鼠动脉阻塞性脑损伤治疗作用的比较研究

目的 :探讨基因工程药物NIF、NHH、TNHH对大鼠动脉阻塞性脑损伤的治疗作用。方法 :用线栓法将24只大鼠制成动脉阻塞性脑缺血损伤模型后分为治疗组 (3组 )和模型对照组 ,每组6只。治疗组静脉给予NIF、NHH、TNHH ,模型组给予生理盐水。分别于术后4、8、24、48、72h进行神经行为学评分 ;术后72h取血测定血清APTT ,判断凝血功能 ;取脑组织行TTC染色 ,计算梗塞灶体积 ;HE染色观察脑组织病理变化。结果 :治疗组各时间点行为学评分均优于模型组 (P<0 05) ,血清APTT比模型组均有明显延长 (P<0 05) ,脑组织梗塞灶体积比模型组小 (P<0 05) ,HE染色脑组织病理变化均较模型组轻。结论 :NIF、NHH、TNHH对大鼠动脉阻塞性脑缺血损伤有明显的保护作用 ,其中以TNHH最优。     

静脉注射硝酸甘油诱导大鼠脑膜核因子-κB表达增强

目的观察偏头痛大鼠模型不同时相脑膜核因子-κB(NF-κB)的表达特征.方法采用静脉注射硝酸甘油(GTN)法建立大鼠偏头痛模型,应用免疫组织化学法观察对照组、GTN iv 后0.5,1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0 h组脑膜NF-κB阳性染色细胞的分布,采用Western印迹法观察相应时间点脑膜核NF-κB的蛋白表达量.结果 GTN iv后0.5 h即出现大鼠脑膜NF-κB核阳性反应和核NF-κB蛋白表达量增高,1.5 h核NF-κB蛋白表达量达高峰,然后逐渐回落,至4 h接近正常水平.结论 GTN iv后早期脑膜呈时限性核NF-κB蛋白表达增强,提示NF-κB蛋白表达增强可能与偏头痛有关.     

At the coalface: medical ethics in practice. A double dose of double effect

This paper presents a clinically orientated illustration of the doctrine of double effect. The case of an elderly gentleman with advanced cancer is discussed, with particular emphasis on two dilemmas encountered during the terminal phase of his illness. The author describes how the doctrine of double effect was applied to help the team make some complex management decisions.     

茴香精油及其成分影响因素的研究进展

精油的量及其成分比例是评价茴香质量的最重要因素。影响茴香精油量及其成分的因素主要有:1)遗传因素:茴香不同亚种与变种精油量及其成分不同;2)生理因素:茴香不同器官及其不同发育阶段精油的量和成分组成不同;3)生态因素:不同产地、不同水肥等栽培条件导致精油的量及其成分组成不同;4)贮藏因素:贮藏时间和条件影响茴香精油量及其成分;5)提取工艺:不同的提取方法乃至同一提取方法的不同参数组合,影响茴香精油量及其成分组成。     

Effects of a multidisciplinary, post-discharge continuance of care intervention on quality of life, discharge satisfaction, and hospital length of stay: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of a hospital-coordinated discharge care plan, involving a multidisciplinary team of primary health care providers, on hospital length of stay, quality of life, and both patient and general practitioner inclusion in, and satisfaction with, discharge procedures. DESIGN: This investigation comprised a prospective, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. SETTING: This multicentre and cross-jurisdictional study focused on areas of tertiary and primary health care as well as community allied health in Western Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (n = 189) with chronic cardiorespiratory diagnoses were recruited from respiratory, cardiovascular, and general medical wards at two tertiary hospitals. INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Intervention group patients received a discharge care plan in accordance with that outlined in the Australian Enhanced Primary Care Package, completed before discharge and sent to the patient's general practitioner and other community service providers for review. Control patients were discharged under existing hospital processes. Outcome measures. Patients and general practitioners were surveyed pre-discharge and 7 days post-discharge for quality of life and opinion of discharge procedures. Hospital length of stay was also determined. RESULTS: Significant improvements in discharge planning involvement, health service access, confidence with discharge procedures, and opinion of discharge based on previous experience were seen for patients who received the discharge care plan. Further, improved perceptions of mental quality of life were observed within the first week post-discharge for intervention patients. Length of stay showed no difference between groups. Extent and speed of hospital-general practitioner communication were significantly improved via the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that a multidisciplinary discharge care plan, initiated before separation, improves quality of life, involvement, and satisfaction with discharge care, and hospital-general practitioner integration. As such, it possesses benefits over current Western Australian hospital discharge procedures for the care of chronically ill populations.