The effect of nadroparine on coagulation mechanisms: ultrastructural analysis.

Low molecular weight heparins are widely used in the prophylaxis and treatment of thrombotic disorders. The effect of low molecular weight heparins on coagulation was examined ultrastructurally in an animal model. A test and a control group was formed, each consisting of five rabbits. Nadroparine (225 Institute of Chaoy Unit/kg twice daily) was applied to the test group for 10 days. The control group received 1 ml saline solution subcutaneously. Blood and vascular tissue samples collected at the end of the 10th day were evaluated under a JEM 100 B electron microscope. Platelet degranulation and agglutination was observed in the control group. Fibrin materials were detected in the cytoplasms and surroundings of degranulated platelets. Erythrocyte accumulation was remarkable on the vascular endothelium with intact coagulation periods. In the test group, outer membranes of platelets, hyalomere, and granular structures in the granulomeres were detected to be nearly intact. There were rare erythrocytes in the large vascular lumens. The aggregation phase had occurred but no agglutination was detected. Nadroparine seems to preserve consistency of lipoprotein membranes of platelets and granular structures containing enzymes, which contribute to the coagulation mechanisms.     

Case Report: Second case of a successful pregnancy in maternal isovaleric acidaemia

Summary: A female patient with isovaleric acidaemia had a successful outcome from pregnancy.     

The first 1000 cases of Italian Endovenous-laser Working Group (IEWG). Rationale, and long-term outcomes for the 1999-2003 period.

AIM: The innovations for disease management need to be thoroughly evaluated so that their benefits and potential downsides can be compared with the already existing approaches. Endovascular laser (EVL) treatment for varicose veins offers today several advantages over surgical standard stripping. The Italian Endovenous-laser Working Group (IEWG) is a homogeneous group of surgeons and phlebologists who have been using EVL since 1999 and has undertaken to examine EVL in a multicenter study starting from a well defined rationale, with the benefit of a single protocol to use. METHODS: In a cooperative, multicenter, clinical study, 1076 limbs in 1050 patients, mean age of 54.5 years, 241 males and 809 females affected by chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) were considered eligible for surgery and stratified by CEAP classification in a four-year period (January 1999 December 2003). Inclusion criteria were insufficiency of the great and/or small saphenous vein at various levels, beyond those accessory saphenous trunks with incompetence in the saphenofemoral junction. In all cases truncular reflux apparead up on duplex scan examination, with or without associated varicosities. All the patients underwent a surgery on the basis of the clinical assessment. All the centres involved performed treatment in conformity with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) validated procedure, using an endo-laser venous system kit with a 810-980 nm diode. Duplex scan was performed in all patients after 36 months with very few lost to follow-up cases. RESULTS: In the immediate postoperative period the results have been impressive, with a very effective closure of incompetent great saphenous vein and the other treated varicose veins (the early occlusion rate has been 99%). Major complications have not been detected: in particular, no deep venous thrombosis (DVT) evaluated duplex ultrasound. The patients' acceptability and satisfaction regarding the procedure, have been measured by means of a questionnaire on the quality of life, and the result was 96.7%. After 36 months, the total occusion rate of saphenous trunks has been 97%. CONCLUSIONS: The first important Italian experience with EVL based on preoperative, perioperative and postoperative duplex control and which is also based on the patients' satisfaction at mid/long-term has indicated some advantages over the standard treatment with the stripping method. In terms of reduced postoperative pain, shorter sick leave, a faster resumption of the normal activities, and, in particular, the total absence of DVT, we can conclude that EVL is a good solution for all patients with anatomic and hemodinamic patterns for saphenous vein surgery.     

Beweiswert eines Aufklärungsformulars

Abstrakt 1. Ein nicht ausgefülltes und nicht unterschriebenes Aufkl?rungsformular in der Krankenakte bildet ein Indiz nicht für, sondern gegen die Durchführung eines Aufkl?rungsgespr?chs. 2. Wenn vor dem ?rztlichen Eingriff überhaupt keine Aufkl?rung erfolgt, genügt für den Beginn der Verj?hrung eines auf eine Aufkl?rungspflichtverletzung gestützten Anspruchs die Kenntnis vom Eintritt schwerwiegender Komplikationen. Nicht erforderlich ist das Wissen, dass sich ein typisches Risiko des Eingriffs verwirklicht hat.     

Neurofilament heavy-chain NfH(SMI35) in cerebrospinal fluid supports the differential diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndromes.

We aimed to evaluate the potential of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) axonal damage biomarker NfH(SMI35) in the laboratory-supported differential diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes. Patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD; n = 22), multiple-system atrophy (MSA; n = 21), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP; n = 21), corticobasal degeneration (CBD; n = 6), and age-matched controls (n = 45) were included. CSF levels of NfH(SMI35) were measured using ELISA. Levels of CSF NfH(SMI35) were elevated in PSP compared to PD and controls (P < 0.05 each). They were also significantly higher in MSA than in PD and controls (P < 0.05 each). NfH(SMI35) differentiated PD from PSP with a sensitivity of 76.5% and a specificity of 94.4%. Axonal damage as measured by CSF NfH(SMI35) is most prominent in the more rapidly progressive syndromes PSP and MSA as compared to PD or CBD. CSF NfH(SMI35) may therefore be of some value for the laboratory-supported differential diagnosis of atypical parkinsonian syndromes.     

Double germline mutations in the RET Proto-oncogene in MEN 2A and MEN 2B kindreds.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare form of thyroid cancer representing about 10% of all thyroid malignancies. It occurs mostly as a sporadic tumor or in association with autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes--multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B and familial MTC. Germline mutations in exons 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16 of the RET proto-oncogene are found in most of the familial cases. There are only a few published data reporting multiple germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. We have detected double germline mutations in 2 different exons on the same RET allele in two MEN 2 families. In the MEN 2A family, double germline mutation in exons 10 (Cys620Phe) and 13 (Tyr791Phe) was detected. In the MEN 2B family, beside the classical germline mutation in exon 16 (Met918Thr) a second germline mutation in exon 13 (Tyr791Phe) was found. This study revealed that MEN 2 syndromes can also be caused by double germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene and these families can be added to small worldwide cohort of families with multiple germline mutations.