Breast neoplasms: duplex sonographic imaging as an adjunct in diagnosis

Sonographic breast imaging has been useful in the differentiation of cystic from solid masses. It has also been helpful in the characterization of palpable breast masses in the absence of corresponding abnormalities. The authors undertook a prospective study that incorporated pulsed Doppler analysis into sonographic real-time imaging of solid breast masses. Thirty-eight patients were examined. In 12 of the patients there were positive Doppler signals, while in 26 patients there were no Doppler signals. The 12 patients showing positive Doppler signals proved to have infiltrating ductal carcinoma, while the 26 patients with negative Doppler signals proved to have benign breast disorders. Pulsed Doppler analysis as a supplement to sonographic real-time imaging shows promise for the identification of breast carcinoma.     

Punishment in behavior modification: Pragmatic,ethical, and legal issues

The present paper discusses issues raised by applications of punishment techniques. Several different types of punishment are enumerated under the rubrics of aversive stimuli, work and penalty procedures, and removal of reinforcing events. The primary emphasis of the paper is to describe issues that affect selection and utilization of such treatments. Thus, characteristics of punishment, alternatives to punishment, and ethical, legal, and pragmatic issues in the use of these procedures are detailed.