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Prior research has consistently demonstrated that providers often under recognize symptoms. However, this research was limited
by the different ways in which patients and providers were asked about the symptoms patients experience. We sought to (1)
describe the prevalence of patient-reported symptoms in the post-cART era; (2) identify those patient-reported symptoms which
are most strongly associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL), hospitalization and mortality; and (3) determine
whether primary providers recognize symptoms associated with HRQoL, hospitalization and mortality. We conducted a secondary
analysis using baseline survey data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study and determined which patient-reported symptoms correlated
with clinical outcomes using regression analyses. Kappa scores were then calculated. HIV-infected patients suffer from a high
burden of symptoms in the post-cART era. Nine out of 20 symptoms correlated with clinical outcomes. Providers universally
under recognized symptoms and demonstrated poor agreement beyond chance when patient-report was used as the gold standard. 相似文献
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Dendritic spines elongate after stimulation of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8 下载免费PDF全文
Vanderklish PW Edelman GM 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2002,99(3):1639-1644
Changes in the morphology of dendritic spines are correlated with synaptic plasticity and may relate mechanistically to its expression and stabilization. Recent work has shown that spine length can be altered by manipulations that affect intracellular calcium, and spine length is abnormal in genetic conditions affecting protein synthesis in neurons. We have investigated how ligands of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) affect spine shape; stimulation of these receptors leads both to calcium release from intracellular stores and to dendritic protein synthesis. Thirty-minute incubation of cultured hippocampal slices and dissociated neurons with the selective group 1 mGluR agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) induced a significant increase in the average length of dendritic spines. This elongation resulted mainly from the growth of existing spines and was also seen even in the presence of antagonists of ionotropic receptors, indicating that activation of these receptors by mGluR-induced glutamate release was not required. Prolonged antagonism of group 1 mGluRs with (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) did not result in shorter average spine length. Elongation of dendritic spines induced by DHPG was blocked by calcium chelation and by preincubation with the protein synthesis inhibitor puromycin. The results suggest that in vivo activation of group 1 mGluRs by synaptically released glutamate affects spine shape in a protein synthesis-dependent manner. 相似文献