Reforming the self and the other: The temperance movement and the duality of modern subjectivity

This article looks at temperance history to understand how modern preventive alcohol-control systems were created and to understand why their ideological basis has now weakened. Temperance movements made a core contribution to the development of alcohol-control systems, but their argumentation contained an interesting paradox. While they demanded availability restrictions on alcohol they also stressed individual self-determination in alcohol consumption. They were able to combine these goals, which in contemporary public health policy discourse are felt to be contradictory. This duality was possible for two reasons. First, the temperance issue was raised in nascent nation-states and parliamentary political institutions. Convictions of moral superiority led some of the movements to seek in national prohibition a complete solution to all social ills. Second, the movements were not indifferent to the desires that the self-controlling will was expected to constrain. Abstinence from drink was embedded in a Utopian vision of authentic living and independent emotional life in the individual family. As soon as the movements lost the Utopian content of their pursuits they turned into conservative single-issue movements. Today the role of parliamentary nation-states as moral communities has been lost and the endorsement of the good family-centred life can no longer be the narrow objective of public policy. Alcohol control can only be justified in terms of specific consequences, particularly those for public health.     

Effects of training on regional substrate oxidation in the hearts of ageing rats

23-month-old male rats were trained by running for 20 weeks. The oxidation rates of succinate, glutamate+malate, palmitoylcarnitine, and pyruvate and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase were measured in the subendocardium and subepicardium and in the right ventricle. Regional differences of substrate oxidation rates in the myocardium of old sedentary or trained rats were less than in young rats, suggesting that regional differences in the cardiac work load disappear during ageing. Training did not improve oxidation rates, in contradiction to some previous results.     

Optimizing continuous-combined hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women: a comparison of six different treatment regimens

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the optimum estradiol valerate-medroxyprogesterone acetate regimens for efficacy and safety. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a 24-month, randomized, double-blind phase II study. Four hundred nineteen women who were postmenopausal for at least 3 years were placed in six parallel treatment groups and received 1 or 2 mg estradiol valerate with either 2.5 or 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate. In two groups the dose of estradiol valerate was increased from 1 to 2 mg estradiol valerate after 6 months. RESULTS: A marked improvement of climacteric symptoms was observed, and most women had no bleeding even during the first 3 months of treatment. The best bleeding pattern was achieved with 1 mg estradiol valerate and 2.5 or 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate, and in most groups the bleeding pattern improved over time. No cases of hyperplasia were observed. CONCLUSION: All regimens alleviated climacteric symptoms and provided excellent bleeding control, even during the early weeks of treatment. A choice of various dose combinations offers flexibility of dosing, thus enabling therapy to be tailored to the needs of individual women.     

Burden of influenza in children in the community

BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination of healthy children is encouraged because children are frequently hospitalized for influenza-attributable illnesses. However, most children with influenza are treated as outpatients, and scarce data are available on the burden of influenza in these children. METHODS: We performed a prospective study of respiratory infections in preenrolled cohorts of children < or = 13 years old during 2 consecutive respiratory seasons (2231 child-seasons of follow-up). At any sign of respiratory infection, we examined the children and obtained a nasal swab for the detection of influenza. The parents filled out daily symptom diaries. Of all the enrollees, 94% remained active participants in the study. RESULTS: The average annual rate of influenza was highest (179 cases/1000 children) among children < 3 years old. Acute otitis media developed as a complication of influenza in 39.7% of children < 3 years old. For every 100 influenza-infected children < 3 years old, there were 195 days of parental work loss (mean duration, 3.2 days). CONCLUSIONS: Influenza causes a substantial burden of illness on outpatient children and their families. Vaccination of children < 3 years old might be beneficial for reducing the direct and indirect costs of influenza in children.     

OC43 strain-related coronavirus antibodies in different age groups.

Serum antibodies against human coronavirus OC43 in different age groups were measured by complement fixation (CF), haemagglutination inhibition (HI), radial diffusion haemolysis-in-gel (HIG), and solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods. Antigen grown in suckling mouse brain was used in all tests. Results obtained by the CF and HIG tests, and the RIA, were in good agreement with regard to the presence or absence of antibodies. Similar results were also obtained with the HI test if nonspecific haemagglutination inhibitors were first removed by treatment with phospholipase C and only titers of 1:20 or greater were considered positive. Children 6--23 months of age (n = 45) were without measurable coronavirus antibodies in all four assays. A rapid increase in the prevalence of antibodies then occurred in subsequent age groups, and practically all persons 6 years of age or older were found to have OC43 antibodies as measured by the HIG test or the RIA. The mean antibody levels determined by these two methods continued to increase, however, up to the age group of 10--14 years. This increase in antibody levels after the initial antibody incidence plateau may be due to boosting effects caused by related coronavirus strains, since OC43 antigens are known to cross-react with antibodies induced by other human coronaviruses. Taken together, these data suggest that OC43 virus, or an antigenically related coronavirus strain, is very common in Finland.     

Molecular adaptations of voltage-gated sodium ion channel related proteins after fatiguing stretch-shortening cycle exercise

Dystrophin associated protein alpha-syntrophin is known to interact with voltage-gated sodium ion channel (NaCh). Dystrophin is known to be sensitive to eccentric muscle actions. For this reason, the function of the NaChs might also be affected. Molecular adaptations of dystrophin, alpha-syntrophin and NaChs were investigated after fatiguing stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercise, which consisted of unilateral jumps on a sledge apparatus. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle of eight healthy subjects immediately after (IA) and 2 days after (2D) the exercise to analyze mRNA levels and immunohistochemical staining patterns. SSC exercise resulted in decreased isometric maximal voluntary contraction (IA: -31+/-9%, 2D: -14+/-16%) and a delayed increase of plasma creatine kinase activity (2D: +178+/-211%). Despite muscle soreness (P<0.001), no morphological damage was observed and no changes were found in the mRNA concentrations. However, the relative changes of the mRNA concentrations of alpha-syntrophin and NaChs were highly correlated (r=0.93, P<0.001) 2D after SSC exercise. This consistent pattern of mRNA regulation may imply a functional relationship between these two proteins. In addition, the current experiment emphasises high inter-individual variation in molecular responses to heavy exercise.     

Impact of repeated lifestyle counselling in an atherosclerosis prevention trial on parental smoking and children's exposure to tobacco smoke

Aim: To determine whether repeated infancy-onset lifestyle counselling alters parental smoking and children's exposure to tobacco smoke. Methods: In 1990, 1062 healthy infants were recruited to a randomized, ongoing atherosclerosis prevention trial (STRIP). Intervention families received at least twice a year individualized nutrition and lifestyle counselling. By 1999, 652 8-y-old children continued participation. Exposure to tobacco smoke was evaluated using serum cotinine concentration. Parents' smoking was also assessed using questionnaires and interviews. Results: Parents' smoking decreased during the study similarly in the intervention and control groups. Of the 8-y-old children, 46% had detectable serum cotinine concentration, suggesting exposure to tobacco smoke during the past few days. All children were non-smokers. Serum cotinine concentrations did not differ between the intervention and control children. Children's cotinine values were highest in the families where either father or both parents were smokers.

Conclusion: Participation in the atherosclerosis prevention trial slightly decreased smoking among the intervention and control parents. However, counselling led to no differences in parental smoking between the two groups, or in exposure of the intervention and control children to tobacco smoke. This study suggests that more detailed and targeted intervention is required to achieve a significant effect on children's tobacco smoke exposure.