Alternative brain organization after prenatal cerebral injury: convergent fMRI and cognitive data.

The current study presents both longitudinal behavioral data and functional activation data documenting the effects of early focal brain injury on the development of spatial analytic processing in two children, one with prenatal left hemisphere (LH) injury and one with right hemisphere (RH) injury. A substantial body of evidence has shown that adults and children with early, lateralized brain injury show evidence of spatial analytic deficits. LH injury compromises the ability to encode the parts of a spatial pattern, while RH injury impairs pattern integration. The two children described in this report show patterns of deficit consistent with the site of their injury. In the current study, their longitudinal behavioral data spanning the age range from preschool to adolescence are presented in conjunction with data from a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of spatial processing. The activation results provide evidence that alternative profiles of neural organization can arise following early focal brain injury, and document where in the brain spatial functions are carried out when regions that normally mediate them are damaged. In addition, the coupling of the activation with the behavioral data allows us to go beyond the simple mapping of functional sites, to ask questions about how those sites may have come to mediate the spatial functions.     

Berufskrankheit Nr. 2108–2110 – bandscheibenbedingte Erkrankungen der Wirbelsäule

The inclusion of disc-related disease of the cervical and lumbar spinal column in the Occupational Illness Ordinance with effect in law from 1 January 1993 brought with it a multitude of problems on a scal no-one could have foreseen for medical experts. At that time there were absolutely no conclusive criteria available to distinguish the many cases that were not specifically occupational in origin from cases that were classifiable as occupationally induced. Such criteria appeared to be urgently needed, especially as even considerable occupational stress on the spine is by no means sure to result in disease of the disc. The epidemiologically derived data gathered from disc-related diseases in specific occupational sectors alone have proved unsuitable for application as conclusive criteria of causation in individual cases as demanded by the legislator. The historical developments directed at solving the problems involved for those entrusted with providing expert opinions are presentd, as are the tentative approaches currently being followed.     

In vivo measurement of the shear modulus of the human vocal fold: interim results from eight patients

The shear modulus of the vocal fold is an essential parameter required to enhance our understanding of how the vocal fold operates, to develop mathematical models of phonatation, and to provide benchmarks to quantify the effectiveness of surgical procedures. The authors announced the successful deployment of an instrument to measure vocal fold elasticity in vivo last year, and now present the data taken from eight patients in vivo. The shear modulus was measured at the mid-membranous point, in a transverse direction with respect to the axis drawn between the anterior commissure and vocal process. The range of mean shear modulus results is 701–2,225 Pa, with a mean value of 1,371 Pa.