Presence of substance P and neurokinin 1 receptors in human sputum macrophages and U-937 cells.

Tachykinins such as substance P (SP) may be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma. This study investigated the presence of SP and its receptor in the differentiated macrophage-like U-937 cell line and in macrophages from sputum induced in healthy subjects (n=8). In situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled sense and antisense complementary ribonucleic acid (cRNA) probes was used to determine the expression of SP and its receptor (neurokinin (NK)1 receptor). SP-immunoreactive material was detected using a rabbit anti-SP antiserum and the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase technique. Beta-preprotachykinin (PPT)-I messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) encoding SP, was detected using in situ hybridization in differentiated U-937 cells as well as in CD45+ human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR+ sputum macrophages. The expression of the beta-PPT-I mRNA was increased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated U-937 cells. SP-immunoreactive material was found in differentiated U-937 cells and in CD68+ sputum macrophages. NK1 receptor mRNA was detected in differentiated U-937 cells and sputum macrophages. Incubation of U-937 cells with SP considerably increased the expression of NK1 receptor mRNA. This study demonstrates that human monocytes/macrophages express substance P and that this expression is upregulated by lipopolysacharide. Human monocytes/macrophages also express neurokinin1 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid, suggesting an autocrine effect of substance P on these cells.     

Can an EASYcare based dementia training programme improve diagnostic assessment and management of dementia by general practitioners and primary care nurses? The design of a randomised controlled trial

Background  

Early diagnosis of dementia benefits both patient and caregiver. Nevertheless, dementia in primary care is currently under-diagnosed. Some educational interventions developed to improve dementia diagnosis and management were successful in increasing the number of dementia diagnoses and in changing attitudes and knowledge of health care staff. However, none of these interventions focussed on collaboration between GPs and nurses in dementia care. We developed an EASYcare-based Dementia Training Program (DTP) aimed at stimulating collaboration in dementia primary care. We expect this program to increase the number of cognitive assessments and dementia diagnoses and to improve attitudes and knowledge of GPs and nurses.     

Zur Frage der Blutzuckerbestimmung im Leichenblut

Ohne ZusammenfassungAusführlichere Fassung dieses Themás erschien als Dissertation. Joos, München 1948. — Die chemischen Analysen wurden vom Verfasser ausgeführt im wissenschaftlichen Forschungslaboratorium (Prof. Dr. Dr.Werle) der Chirurgischen Universitätsklinik München.     

Operative Verfahren der Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie an nach Thiel fixierten K?rperspenden

Ergebnisse: Die Eignung von nach Thiel fixierten K?rperspenden als Modelle für Forschung und Lehre in der Mund-Kiefer-Gesichts-Chirurgie wurde untersucht. An Thiel-fixierten K?rperspenden wurden verschiedene operative Zugangswege durchgeführt und die Verwendbarkeit der Pr?parate von Anatomen und Operateuren beurteilt. Diskussion: Es zeigte sich eine hohe Realit?tsn?he in Farbe, Struktur und Konsistenz. Das verwendete Konservierungsverfahren eignet sich in besonderer Weise als Voraussetzung für Forschung und die ?rztliche Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung.      

Effect of inhaled fluticasone on bronchial responsiveness to neurokinin A in asthma.

Neurokinin (NK) A causes airway narrowing in patients with asthma through direct and indirect mechanisms. The effects of the inhaled glucocorticosteroid fluticasone propionate (FP) on the bronchial responsiveness to NKA and methacholine were studied. Patients (n=11) with mild asthma participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. FP (500 microg b.i.d.) or matched placebo was administered via Diskhaler for 14 days. Bronchial challenges were performed on days 1 and 13 (methacholine) and 0 and 14 (NKA) for each treatment period. At the active treatment period, the mean log2 provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in the forced expiratory volume in one second (PC20)+/-SEM for NKA was -12.72+/-0.63 at the beginning and -9.77+/-0.49 at the end of the period (p<0.0001), while under placebo, it was -12.16+/-0.82 and -12.19+/-0.51 respectively (NS). At the active treatment period, the mean log2 PC20 for methacholine was -5.25+/-0.40 at the beginning and -4.22+/-0.31 at the end of the period (p=0.012), while under placebo, it was -5.47+/-0.47 and -5.24+/-0.42 respectively (NS). The reduction in response to NKA was significantly larger than that for methacholine. A 2-week course of an inhaled steroid reduces bronchial responsiveness to neurokinin A, an effect more pronounced than the reduction in bronchial responsiveness to methacholine.     

Die Motivation bei der Behandlung von Lippen-, Kiefer- und Gaumenspalt-Patienten — eine psychosoziale Studie

Zusammenfassung 36 Lippen-, Kiefer- und Gaumenspalt-Patienten und 24 Eltern wurden standardisierte und selbst ausgearbeitete Fragebögen zur Beantwortung vorgelegt. Die Antworten ergaben, daß die Einsicht in die Notwendigkeit der operativen Eingriffe an erster Stelle aus dem Patienten selbst erwächst. Verbessertes Aussehen, besonders im Bereich der Lippe, ist absolut vorrangig. Die Durchführung der funktionellen Behandlung wird überwiegend vom Einfluß der Eltern bestimmt. Die Sorge um Behandlungsrisiken, aber auch bedingungsloses Streben nach Behandlungserfolg zeichnen ein uneinheitliches Bild der Eltern. Besonders die kieferorthopädische Behandlung ist von den überdurchschnittlichen seelischen Konflikten der Patienten während der Pubertät belastet. Das Verhaltensmuster des Spaltträgers insgesamt ist von wiederholtem Frustrationserleben geprägt. Hieraus schöpft er kompensatorisch Energien — auch als Motivation zur Behandlung.

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Summary Standardized and specially formulated questionnaires were completed by 36 cleft lip and palate patients and 24 parents. The evaluation of the questionnaire showed that the understanding for the need for surgery comes primarily from the patients themselves. The improvement in appearance, in particular of the lips is of primary importance. The success of functional therapy depends largely on the influence of the parents. They show a variable reaction with regard to their concern about risks during treatment and their desire for success in treatment. The orthodontic treatment is particularly influenced by the above-average emotional conflicts of the patients during puberty. The behavioural pattern of the cleft lip patient is overshadowed by repeated experiences of frustration. As a result the patient develops compensatory energy which can be directed towards motivation during treatment.

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Résumé On a soumis à un même questionnaire 36 patients atteints d'une fente labio-palatine ainsi que 24 parents. Les réponses ont donné les résultats suivants: pour les patients eux-mêmes, la nécessité de l'opération venait en première place. L'amélioration de l'esthétique, surtout de la lèvre supérieure, est absolument primordiale et justifie l'opération. La motivation pour la poursuite du traitement fonctionnel est surtout prise en charge par les parents. Les parents se préoccupent différemment des risques du traitement ainsi que du résultat final. Chez les patients, particulièrement durant la phase pubertaire, le traitement orthodontique provoque des conflicts psychiques. Le comportement des patients avec fente labio-palatine révèle qu'ils souffrent de frustrations repétées. Mais les patients tirent une énergie compensatrice de cette situation et sont motivés pour le traitement.

     

脱羰青蒿素的抗疟活性

青蒿素(1)是从青蒿(Artemisia annua)中分离得到的一个抗疟化合物。青蒿素的发现改变了以往抗疟药物均为含氮杂环化合物的格式,开创了一类以过氧化合物为特征的、对抗氯喹虫株有效的新型抗疟药物。七十年代青蒿素结构发表以来,国内外在化学、药理以及临床方面均进行了大量工作,成为当今抗疟药方面最活跃的一个研究课题。这里简要报道