Assessment of sodium and potassium intakes

The sodium, potassium and creatinine contents of three non-consecutive 24-h urine samples collected by 34 selected adult individuals (10 m; 24 f) living in Cork City were determined. The pooled mean 24-h excretion of sodium and potassium in collections adjudged to be complete were 152 mmol and 78 mmol, respectively. There was no significant difference between group average weekday and weekend-day excretion of Na or K, for either males or females. This suggests that weekend 24-h urinary collections, which most subjects find more convenient, are suitable for studies of sodium and potassium intakes of groups. The ratios of intra- to inter-individual variation for 24-h urinary sodium were 1.4 and 2.1 for males and females, respectively. The corresponding ratios for 24-h urinary potassium were 6.6 for males and 4.9 for females. These ratios indicated that there were large individual day-to-day variations in urinary sodium and potassium excretion in this group. It was estimated that a sample size of 35-60 individuals would be required to estimate group mean sodium and potassium intakes by means of single 24-h urine collections.     

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome and pregnancy

Two black women had bilateral anterior and posterior uveitis, nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachments, pleocytosis, headaches, dysacousis, and alopecia. These patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome improved clinically while they were pregnant after the discontinuation of corticosteroid treatment. They developed recurrent symptoms and findings after termination of their pregnancies. We speculate that changes in immunity and humoral constituents during pregnancy account for their remissions. It is important to assess the menstrual history and to avoid pregnancy before initiating steroid treatment for VKH syndrome.     

Measurements of Blood Pressure, Oedema and Proteinuria in a Pregnant Population of New Zealand

Summary: This is the first report of the largest study of blood pressure measurement in pregnancy in a New Zealand population using standardized definitions and methodology. Over 3,800 women who delivered in an 8-month period in the Wellington region were included in the study. Blood pressure measurement and the presence of oedema and proteinuria were recorded from booking until delivery and in the puerperium. Only 2.7% of women were unable to be contacted after delivery for details on outcomes. The results established normal ranges for blood pressure throughout pregnancy. The data show that Mood pressure greater than 140/90 until 35 weeks' gestation is outside 2 standard deviations at all gestations and justifies using these measurements as the definition of hypertension in pregnancy. The fall in blood pressure in the 2nd trimester was less than 1 mm Ffg per week in both the systolic and diastolic pressures. This fall was smaller than previously recorded in other studies. Gestational hypertension was the commonest blood pressure abnormality occurring in 15.2% of the population. This represented 69% of the pregnant women with a hypertensive disorder. The overall incidence of both gestational hypertension and preeclampsia was 18.5% which is higher than reported in other parts of the world. In this study obesity was significantly associated with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. An arm circumference of >33 cm, one of the measurements of obesity, was found in 6.8% of the study population. Even after the effect of arm circumference was taken into account, hypertensive disorders were also more common in Pacific Island women. Ankle oedema was significantly associated with the development of both gestational hypertension and preeclampsia but the incidence of oedema was noted in only 11.9% of the subjects.     

An analysis of astrocytic cell lines with different abilities to promote axon growth

The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) lacks the capacity to support axonal regeneration. There is increasing evidence to suggest that astrocytes, the major glial population in the CNS, may possess both axon-growth promoting and axon-growth inhibitory properties and the latter may contribute to the poor regenerative capacity of the CNS. In order to examine the molecular differences between axon-growth permissive and axon-growth inhibitory astrocytes, a panel of astrocyte cell lines exhibiting a range of axon-growth promoting properties was generated and analysed. No clear correlation was found between the axon-growth promoting properties of these astrocyte cell lines with: (i) the expression of known neurite-outgrowth promoting molecules such as laminin, fibronectin andN-cadherin; (ii) the expression of known inhibitory molecules such tenascin and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan; (iii) plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity; and (iv) growth cone collapsing activity. EM studies on aggregates formed from astrocyte cell lines, however, revealed the presence of an abundance of extracellular matrix material associated with the more inhibitory astrocyte cell lines. When matrix deposited by astrocyte cell lines was assessed for axon-growth promoting activity, matrix from permissive lines was found to be a good substrate, whereas matrix from the inhibitory astrocyte lines was a poor substrate for neuritic growth. Our findings, taken together, suggest that the functional differences between the permissive and the inhibitory astrocyte cell lines reside largely with the ECM.     

Keloids

Keloids are benign fibrous growths that result from an abnormal connective tissue response in certain predisposed individuals. Blacks form keloids more often than whites; however, the reason for this racial difference is not known. Trauma, foreign-body reactions, infections, and endocrine dysfunction have all been proposed as precipitating factors. Keloids are found most commonly on the ear lobes, shoulders, upper back, and midchest. They extend past the area of trauma and once present tend to remain stable. Although sometimes pruritic, painful, or tender, they are usually asymptomatic. Histologically, keloids are characterized by thick collagen bundles, abundant mucinous ground substance, few fibroblasts, and few if any foreign-body reactions. Although there have been many therapeutic modalities, most have had limited success. The most commonly used therapeutic approach is a combination of cryotherapy, intralesional steroid injections, surgical excision, and pressure devices.     

Confounders contributing to the reported associations of coffee or caffeine with disease

The role of caffeine or coffee in causing or promoting the incidence of serious disease is equivocal. Two design factors may account for the discrepancies in reported findings on the effects of coffee drinking: (a) imprecision of measurement and (b) confounding variables. A study of 2,714 white U.S. adults disclosed that, of 32 risk factors analyzed by linear and logistic regression, only sex and cigarette smoking were found to be important potential confounders of caffeine and coffee intake. Partial R2 values of the other 30 risk factors were relatively small and were inconsistent for each sex. It is unlikely that any of these factors could explain any of the reported associations between caffeine or coffee consumption and certain diseases. However, certain weak associations with caffeine or coffee intake should be included in the study design when they are known to be risk factors of a disease under investigation. These factors for men are dietary fat intake, vitamin C intake, and body mass index; and for women are vitamin use, alcohol intake, stress, and perceived health status.