Effect of Systemic Pretreatment With Betamethasone on the Bacterial Flora,Inflammatory Response,and Polyp Formation in Experimentally Infected Rabbit Maxillary Sinus Mucosa

To investigate possible effects of corticosteroids on polyp formation and local bacterial colonization, pneumococcal sinusitis was experimentally induced in rabbits pretreated with betamethasone or saline. After 7 days, macroscopic polyps were counted post-mortem and on histologic slides after serial sectioning. Histologic sections were also examined with light microscopy. Macroscopic polyps were significantly fewer in animals given betamethasone, while there was no difference regarding the number of microscopic polyps. Ingrowth of pathogenic microorganisms was found in five of eight rabbits given placebo but in none of the animals treated with corticosteroids (P < 0.05). The reduced number of pathogenic strains in these animals may be explained by a better-preserved local host defense. The lower number of macroscopic polyps in the same animals could be because of a delayed mucosal repair and subsequent polyp formation.     

A co-operative study: clinical characteristics of 334 Korean patients with moyamoya disease treated at neurosurgical institutes (1976-1994). The Korean Society for Cerebrovascular Disease

A co-operative study was conducted to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with moyamoya disease who were diagnosed and treated at neurosurgical institutes in Korea before 1995. Twenty-six hospitals contributed 505 cases and among them, the clinical characteristics of 334 patients with definite moyamoya disease were evaluated. The number of patients began to increase from the late 1980s, and after that approximately 20 patients were treated each year. There were two age peaks: from six to 15 and from 31 to 40 years of age. Haemorrhagic manifestations occurred in approximately 43% of the patients. The major clinical manifestations were haemorrhage in adults (62.4%) and ischaemia in children (61.2%). Overall 54.5% of the patients experienced decreased consciousness levels, mainly due to intracranial haemorrhage or cerebral infarction. In the patients with ischemic manifestations, the adult patients were more likely to have cerebral infarction than the pediatric patients (80% vs. 39%) and the pediatric patients were more likely to have TIA (61% vs. 25%). Thirty eight percent of the patients underwent bypass surgery and 53% of these procedures were performed bilaterally. Treatment policies, including indications for bypass surgery and commonly used drugs, were somewhat different according to the institution. Overall favorable outcome was 73%, and the most significant factor affecting poor outcome was haemorrhagic manifestation. This article describes the characteristics of 334 patients with moyamoya disease, who were diagnosed and treated at neurosurgical institutes in Korea before 1995.     

Visualizing and quantifying evoked cortical activity assessed with intrinsic signal imaging

Intrinsic signal imaging (ISI) measures changes in light reflectance from the illuminated cortex (intrinsic signals or IS) attributed to various vascular and metabolic sources that, when using illumination in the 600 nm range, appear to co-localize with neuronal activity. Given the multiple sources contributing to the collected IS, the common practice of averaging across an extended post-stimulus time epoch before dividing by baseline data typically visualizes evoked IS overlying both the cortical tissue and the large surface blood vessels. In rat PMBSF, the contribution from these vessels are problematic as they do not co-localize with known PMBSF function. Determining a means for quantifying the evoked IS area poses an additional challenge. Here, we describe how exploiting IS collected shortly after stimulus onset (within 1.5 s), which coincides with fast oxygen consumption of active neurons, visualizes evoked IS overlying the cortical tissue without the large surface vessels. We also describe how the use of absolute thresholds combined with a baseline determined from data collected immediately prior to stimulus onset (within 1 s) targets most precisely a specific evoked IS amplitude, a method that should be especially useful when evoked areas are expected to occupy a substantial portion of the total imaged area and/or when peak activity is expected to differ between subjects.     

Progesterone increases mRNA levels of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and type I PACAP receptor (PAC(1)) in the rat hypothalamus

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) regulates pituitary hormone biosynthesis and secretion through its cognate receptors. PACAP also plays an important role in the regulation of ovarian steroid biosynthesis. If so, there might be a feedback regulation of hypothalamic PACAP synthesis by the pituitary and by ovarian steroids. In the present study, we used RNase protection assays to determine changes in mRNA levels of PACAP and type I PACAP receptor (PAC(1)) under the conditions of ovariectomy and replacement with ovarian steroids. Progesterone (P) alone or in combination with estradiol (E) induced significant increases in PACAP mRNA level in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and PAC(1) mRNA levels in MBH and the preoptic area (POA). This finding suggests that feedback regulation takes place between the ovary and hypothalamic PACAP neurons. P is known to be a major regulatory feedback factor for hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons, but P receptor is not present in these neurons. Therefore, we examined a possible involvement of PACAP in the feedback regulatory pathway of P to LHRH neurons. After an antisense PAC(1) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) was i.c.v.-injected into the third ventricle of E and P-treated rats, LHRH mRNA levels were determined. The ODN markedly decreased the P-induced increase in the LHRH mRNA level. Taken together, the present data suggest that PACAP may play a role as a mediator in the regulation of LHRH synthetic machinery by stimulatory feedback of P.     

Use of the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel in clinical molecular pathology laboratories for analysis of solid tumours: With emphasis on validation with relevant single molecular pathology tests and the Oncomine Focus Assay

Targeted application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology allows detection of specific mutations that can provide treatment opportunities for cancer patients. We evaluated the applicability of the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel V2 (CHV2) using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue of clinical specimens.Thirty-five FFPE tumour samples with known mutational status were collected from four different hospitals and sequenced with CHV2 using an Ion Chef System and Ion S5 XL system. Out of 35 cases, seven were sequenced with Oncomine focus Assay Panel for comparison. For the limit of detection test, we used an FFPE reference standard, a cell line that included an engineered 50% EGFR T790?M in an RKO cell line background. Coverage analysis results including number of mapped reads, on target percent, mean depth, and uniformity were not different according to hospitals. Sensitivity for mutation detection down to 3% was demonstrated. NGS results showed 100% concordance with the results from single molecular pathology tests Assay in 30 cases with 24 known positive mutations and 14 known negative mutations, and another NGS panel of the Oncomine focus in seven cases.The CHV2 NGS test for solid tumours using Ion chef system and S5 XL system in clinical molecular pathology laboratories for analysis of solid tumours could be routinely used and could replace some single molecular pathology tests after a stringent and thorough validation process.     

Psychometric testing of the Depressive Cognition Scale in Korean adults

This study translated the Depressive Cognition Scale (DCS) from English into Korean and tested the reliability and validity of the scale. Data were from a convenient sample of 795 community-dwelling Korean adults with a self-administered questionnaire. With regard to the reliability estimate, the internal consistency of the Korean version of the DCS (K-DCS) was acceptable, where the Chronbach's alpha is .93 and the average item-to-total correlation r = .760. With regard to the validity estimate, the mean scores of the K-DCS were significantly different according to gender, age, and marital status. A single factor was extracted that accounted for 67.37% of the total variance. The average score of the K-DCS also correlated significantly with the subscales of the Korean version of the Profile of the Mood States Brief Form. These findings suggest that the K-DCS can be used as a reliable and valid measure of depressive cognition among Korean adults.     

Urothelial eddies in papillary urothelial neoplasms: a distinct morphologic pattern with low risk for progression

We encountered an undescribed histologic feature of papillary urothelial neoplasms: “urothelial eddy”, which was histologically reminiscent of squamous eddy of irritated follicular keratosis of the skin. A review of 756 patients with transurethral resection of bladder tumor revealed 10 patients (1.3%) of papillary urothelial neoplasms with urothelial eddies. All cases were male with a median age of 65 years. Urothelial eddies were characterized by small ovoid nests of ovoid to spindle cells arranged in an onion-skin pattern with fine cytoplasmic processes within wide intercellular space. The cytoplasmic processes mimicked intercellular bridges but ultrastructurally were cytoplasmic microvillous projections. They were of papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential in seven patients and low-grade urothelial carcinoma in three patients. Nine patients presented as non-invasive tumor and one patient showed microinvasion within papillary stalks. Six patients showed an inverted growth pattern. Their immunoprofile was more similar to that of conventional urothelial carcinoma rather than squamous cell carcinoma: high expressions of GATA3, S100P, uroplakin III, and cytokeratin 7; and low expressions of high molecular weight cytokeratin and p53. The Ki-67 labeling index was low (mean and median values, 2% each). During the follow-up period (mean, 88.7 months), four patients, including the microinvasive patient, showed recurrence with the same grade and stage but neither progressed into muscle-invasive tumor nor caused death. Our results suggest that urothelial eddy is a rare aberrant histology of papillary urothelial neoplasms with indolent behavior and should be discriminated from squamous differentiation of urothelial carcinoma, which has a poor prognosis.