The essential role of stimulus temporal patterning in enabling perceptual learning

Little is known about how temporal stimulus factors influence perceptual learning. Here we demonstrate an essential role of stimulus temporal patterning in enabling perceptual learning by showing that 'unlearnable' contrast and motion-direction discrimination (resulting from random interleaving of stimuli) can be readily learned when stimuli are practiced in a fixed temporal pattern. This temporal patterning does not facilitate learning by reducing stimulus uncertainty; further, learning enabled by temporal patterning can later generalize to randomly presented stimuli.     

整脐，做零缺点女生

去年，我到中东旅游时，在下榻的酒店看到阿拉伯美女大跳肚皮舞以及脐部佩戴的脐环，不禁感叹原来肚脐也可以让女性如此性感。     

医院新药利用对药品消费总额增长的影响

目的:观察和分析新药进入医院处方集对医院药品消费总额的影响。方法:从一所1000床位的教学医院,收集购药数据,分别计算新药和全部药品的种类和数量,应用SPSS软件包分析新药利用的品种数和数量对医院药品总额的影响。结果:得到新药逐月增长的指数模型和新药对药品总额影响的多元回归方程。结论:新药消费规模对药品总额增长有重要作用,但新药品种数的多少与药品总额增长无关。     

Molecular simulations of gas transport in hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber and ethylene–propylene–diene rubber

Diffusion and sorption of five gases (H₂, N₂, O₂, CO₂, CH₄) in hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) and ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) have been investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. The diffusion coefficients of gas molecules in HNBR and EPDM are well correlated with the effective penetrant diameter except for CO₂. CO₂ shows a lower diffusion coefficient due to its linear shape. Additionally, the favorable interaction between CO₂ and HNBR is another factor for its lower diffusion coefficient in HNBR. HNBR shows lower diffusion coefficients than EPDM. This is because the polar –CN groups in HNBR chains increase interchain cohesion and result in tight intermolecular packing, low free volume and poor chain mobility, which decreases the diffusion coefficients of HNBR. The solubility coefficients of CH₄, O₂, N₂ and H₂ in HNBR are lower than those in EPDM, which is a result of the weak HNBR–penetrant interactions and low free volume of HNBR. However, the solubility coefficient of CO₂ in HNBR is higher than in EPDM. This is attributed to the strong interaction between CO₂ and HNBR. H₂, O₂, N₂ and CH₄ show lower permeability coefficients in HNBR than in EPDM, while CO₂ has higher permeability coefficients in HNBR. These molecular details provide critical information for the understanding of structures and gas transport between HNBR and EPDM.

Diffusion and sorption of five gases (H₂, N₂, O₂, CO₂, CH₄) in HNBR and EPDM were explored by MD and GCMC simulations.     

Proton solvent-controllable synthesis of manganese oxalate anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Manganese oxalates with different structures and morphologies were prepared by the precipitation method in a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and proton solvents. The proton solvents play a key role in determining the structures and morphologies of manganese oxalate. Monoclinic MnC₂O₄·2H₂O microrods are prepared in H₂O-DMSO, while MnC₂O₄·H₂O nanorods and nanosheets with low crystallinity are synthesized in ethylene glycol-DMSO and ethanol-DMSO, respectively. The corresponding dehydrated products are mesoporous MnC₂O₄ microrods, nanorods, and nanosheets, respectively. When used as anode material for Li-ion batteries, mesoporous MnC₂O₄ microrods, nanorods, and nanosheets deliver a capacity of 800, 838, and 548 mA h g⁻¹ after 120 cycles at 8C, respectively. Even when charged/discharged at 20C, mesoporous MnC₂O₄ nanorods still provide a reversible capacity of 647 mA h g⁻¹ after 600 cycles, exhibiting better rater performance and cycling stability. The electrochemical performance is greatly influenced by the synergistic effect of surface area, morphology, and size. Therefore, the mesoporous MnC₂O₄ nanorods are a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries due to their good cycle stability and rate performance.

Manganese oxalates with different structures and morphologies were prepared by the precipitation method in a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and proton solvents.     

柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤加减治疗更年期综合征38例

岳沛芬主任继承父业、师从其父——当代著名中医学家岳美中教授，潜心钻研中医学术，在从事中医临床工作30余年中积累了丰富的临床经验，理论造诣深厚，特别是在妇科疾病的治疗方面独具特色，2002年被市中医药管理局确定为市级名老中医、研究生导师。笔者有幸从师多年，现将岳老师用柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤加减治疗妇女更年期综合征38例疗效观察总结如下。     

Glycyrrhizin treatment is associated with attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression

Glycyrrhizin (GL), a major active constituent of licorice root, has been attributed numerous pharmacologic effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumor, and hepatoprotective activities. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of GL on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. ALI was induced in Balb/c mice by intratracheal instillation of LPS (1 mg/kg). Before 1 h of LPS administration, the mice received intraperitoneal injection of GL at varied doses (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg). The severity of pulmonary injury was evaluated 12 h after LPS administration. GL pretreatment led to significant attenuation of LPS induced evident lung histopathologic changes, alveolar hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration with evidence of reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The lung wet/dry weight ratios, as an index of lung edema, were markedly reduced by GL pretreatment. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after LPS administration, which were significantly inhibited by GL pretreatment. GL pretreatment also reduced the concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) in lung tissues. Furthermore, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was suppressed by GL pretreatment. In conclusion, GL potently protected against LPS-induced ALI, and the protective effects of GL may attribute partly to the suppression of COX-2 and iNOS expression.     

Study of preferred background luminance in watching computer screen in children

Background In recent years,computers have been intensively used at home.In contrast to paper-based books and documents,computer screen is self-illuminated with larger screen-background luminance difference,which greatly induces visual discomfort.To compensate for that,one effective solution is to offer an additional background luminance.In this study,we investigated whether and to what extent additional background lighting is needed in looking at a computer display comfortably.Methods In this study,60 healthy children aged from 9 to 12 years and 58 adults aged from 21 to 39 years participated in the experiments.They were asked to choose their most preferred background luminance intensities at three screen luminance levels.The data were analyzed by Matlab （R2012b） and SPSS 20.0.Results Both children and adult participants selected a non-dark background as their comfortable lighting condition when watching a computer display （children：t （59）=22.0,P 〈0.01,adults：t （57）=15.5,P 〈0.01）.Comparatively,children preferred brighter background in general （F （1,116）=7.0,P 〈0.01）.More importantly,participants＇ preferred background luminance levels were linearly correlated with screen luminance intensities （children：slope=0.97,R2=0.98; adults：slope=0.38,R2=1.00）.Conclusion These results indicate that varying background luminance to maintain screen-background luminance ratio is beneficial to human visual comfort.     

Acupoint electrogymnastics therapy in stroke hemiplegia

BACKGROUND： Electrogymnastics can offer a range of proprioceptive, motor, and cutaneous sensation impulses to the central nerve system. The center receives perception of the paralyzed muscle through the aid of these impulses. During this process, functional reorganization of connecting network between segment and intersegment takes place. OBJECTIVE： To observe the therapeutic efficacy of acupoint electrogymnastics and traditional electroacupuncture on stroke hemiplegia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A multicenter, randomized, controlled, blinded, clinical study was performed at the College of Acu-moxibustion and Massage in Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from May 2004 to September 2006. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 153 patients suffering from stroke hemiplegia, comprising 83 males and 70 females, aged 63-70 years, were admitted to outpatient and inpatient at LongHua Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese medicine, Putuo District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital and Changqiao Street Community Health Service Center of Shanghai. METHODS： The patients were randomly divided into treatment （n = 77） and control （n = 76） groups. They were treated with acupoint electrogymnastics and traditional electroacupuncture, respectively. In the treatment group, two pairs of positive and negative JD-2008 type electrodes from a hemiplegia treatment apparatus were directly pasted on the Shousanli （LI 10） and Waiguan （SJ5） acupoints of the upper limb, as well as the Zusanli （S36） and Yanglingquan （GB34） acupoints of the lower limb, respectively. In the control group, needles were consecutively inserted into the above acupoints. Using the method of lifting-inserting and twisting-rotating, the needle was manipulated with small amplitude of 5-7 mm and a fast frequency of 80-120 times/min when the needle was inserted to a suitable depth. When the sensation of needling was attained, the two pairs of positive and negative electrodes of type G6805-Ⅱelectro-acupunctur