Usefulness of thallium-201 SPECT scintimammography to differentiate benign from malignant breast masses in mammographically dense breasts

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of thallium-201 (Tl-201) single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) scintimammography to differentiate benign from malignant breast masses in 32 female Taiwanese patients with indeterminate mammographic probability of malignancy because of mammographically dense breasts. All breast masses were removed, and final histopathological diagnoses were obtained in all cases. The results showed that thallium-201 SPECT scintimammography findings were true-positive in 22 cases, false-positive in 1 case, true-negative in 7 cases, and false-negative in 2 cases. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 91.7%, 87.5%, and 90.6%, respectively, for detecting breast cancer in mammographically dense breasts. In conclusion, thallium-201 SPECT scintimammography is a useful tool for differentiating benign from malignant breast masses in patients with indeterminate mammograms because of mammographically dense breasts.     

Assessing communication competence in an online study: toward informing subsequent interventions among older adults with cancer,their lay caregivers,and peers

Employing quantitative and qualitative measures, online and paper versions, we tested Kreps's (1988) relational health communication model by examining relations among social support, communication competence, and perceived stress in a study of well-elders, elderly individuals with cancer, and their lay caregivers (N = 76). Grounding the qualitative part of the study in the narrative paradigm (Fisher, 1984), we used the critical incident technique (Flanagan, 1954) to collect participant narratives focusing on positive and negative expressions of social support. The results indicated partial support for the relational health communication model. In particular, participants who were more communicatively competent were found to have lower levels of perceived stress, and they were more satisfied with the support offered by members of their support network. In addition, the critical incidents revealed that participants received significantly more emotional and esteem support from their network than other social support types. Key limitations and future directions are also identified.     

Current situation in Spain of aerosol insect sprays registered for household use by the environmental health authorities

BACKGROUND: The recent transposition of the Biocides Directive by means of Royal Decree 1054/2002 involves a substantial change in different Environmental Health-related aspects. To assess the impact of these changes, an analysis of the current situation is provided, based on which the consequences of the implementation of this Directive in Spain may be assessed, in addition to setting out the main aspects which must be analyzed with a view to a Biocides Registry being put into place in accordance with the aforementioned Royal Decree. METHODS: The analysis was made based on the data included in the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs related to aerosol insect sprays registered for Household Use. Aerosols were chosen as a result of their being the type most numerous on the market for household use. RESULTS: The formulation of these aerosols includes 25 insecticides, 1 disinfectant and 2 synergizers. A majority of the 298 aerosol insect sprays include some pyretroid in their composition, by itself or combined with some other insecticide, disinfectant and/or synergizing compound. Most of these biocides are a mixture of active substances. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analysis made, the need of setting out new procedures for assessing the effectiveness of the formulas prepared for the use in question (design of standardized testing protocols, assessment of effectiveness on the different pest species, the effect of the mixture of active ingredients, safety timeframes, ...), in addition to the aspects related to toxicology; ecotoxicology or physicochemical characteristics.     

Cystic pancreatic tumours and pseudo-tumoural lesions

Cystic lesions of the pancreas are infrequent, estimated at only some 1% of all pancreatic tumours and at some 10% of all pancreatic cysts. The pre-operational diagnosis is important for a suitable treatment, with valuable radiological techniques available today such as ultrasound, computerised tomography and magnetic resonance. In spite of this we have to accept that we are facing a group of tumours whose diagnosis is difficult, due to the great variety of cellular types existing within them.     

Ministerial challenges: post-conflict,post-election issues in Kosovo's health sector

BACKGROUND: On 17 November 2001, less than 900 days after the end of one of the largest population displacements since 1945, the, Kosovo electorate voted for their new self-government. An Assembly was formed in 2001 and a Health Minister, Dr Numan Balic, appointed in March 2002. He has inherited a health service that still reels from many years of neglect while it struggles to implement an ambitious health reform programme. METHODS: An analysis of UNMIK Regulations and available grey literature within Kosovo has formed the basis of material for this article. In addition, the authors collected, by informal interview, the opinions of international and Kosovars actively employed within the health sector. The authors would wish to acknowledge the contribution of Dr Hannu Vuori, Principal International Officer, Ministry of Health, Kosovo for his insight and suggestions. RESULTS: The analysis reveals that the current health system is inequitable and inefficient. The health sector reforms initiated by the international community are desperately needed: it is purported that one-in-three Kosovars cannot afford to access health care when ill. However, the combined legacy of neglect, the current status of the health service and the new Assembly regulations present significant challenges to health reform. CONCLUSIONS: Under the gaze of the newly formed Assembly, as well as the watchful eye of the United Nations Interim Administrative Mission in Kosovo, the Minister will take on the arduous responsibility of governing the Kosovo health sector. In any context implementing reform is difficult, in Kosovo it may be even more so and the international community should not exclusively focus on other world-trouble spots when many challenges remain to be addressed.     

Square wave voltammetric determination of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors cilazapril,quinapril and ramipril in pharmaceutical formulations

The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors cilazapril, quinapril and ramipril are reduced at a hanging mercury drop electrode in the pH range 3.5-13 using Britton-Robinson buffers as supporting electrolyte and KCl as ionic medium. Square wave voltammetry has proved to be the most suitable electroanalytical technique for the quantitative voltammetric determination of these antihypertensive drugs. Optimisation of the chemical and instrumental variables was carried out. Analyses were performed in 0.02 M borate buffer at pH 9.5 and 0.5 M KCl as ionic medium, using a pulse amplitude of 50 mV and a frequency of 150 Hz. A linear relationship between peak current and concentration was found in the interval 0.5-8 microg/ml for cilazapril and up to 6 microg/ml for quinapril and ramipril, allowing the direct determination of their pharmaceutical formulations alone or mixed with hydrochlorothiazide. Good accuracy and repeatativity were obtained.     

Spectrofluorimetric determination of velnacrine in human serum and urine

A simple, sensitive and rapid spectrofluorimetric method to determine velnacrine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, has been developed and validated. The influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, presence of excipients, metal ions and surfactants on the fluorescence intensity has been studied. The proposed method allows the determination of 5-100 ng ml(-1) of velnacrine in aqueous solution containing sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.6; 0.04 M) with lambda(excitation) 242 nm and lambda(emission) 359 nm. The detection and quantitation limits were 1.7 and 4.5 ng ml(-1) respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of velnacrine in human serum and urine.     

Leukotriene C4 synthase polymorphisms and responsiveness to leukotriene antagonists in asthma

AIM: Cysteinyl leukotrienes are important pro-inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma, while leukotriene C4 synthase is a key enzyme in their biosynthesis. Our aim is to evaluate whether responsiveness to leukotriene receptor antagonists was determined by expression of the variant (C) or wild-type (A) polymorphism of this enzyme. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective analysis of 8 randomised, placebo-controlled trials performed in our department in mild-to-moderate asthmatics. In all trials, effect of leukotriene receptor antagonist was compared to placebo, where the primary outcome was bronchial hyperresponsiveness to adenosine monophosphate or methacholine. Secondary outcomes were forced expiratory volume in 1 second, exhaled nitric oxide and peripheral blood eosinophils. RESULTS: For the primary outcome of attenuation of bronchial hyperresponsiveness by leukotriene receptor antagonist vs placebo, there were significant effects within each genotype on adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (n = 78): 2.21 and 2.07-fold improvements for AA and AC/CC, respectively; while for methacholine (n = 81) there were 1.39 and 1.36-fold improvements, respectively. There were no significant differences between genotypes (i.e. AA vs AC/CC): geometric mean fold-differences of 1.07 (95%CI 0.63-1.81) and 1.02 (95%CI 0.70-1.50) for AMP and methacholine, respectively. There were also no differences between genotypes for all secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms of leukotriene C4 synthase did not determine responsiveness, in terms of attenuation of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, to leukotriene receptor antagonists in mild-to-moderate asthmatics. Further prospective large pharmacogenetic studies are required in more severe patients, where there may be greater improvements in pharmacodynamic outcome measures such as bronchial hyperresponsiveness and exhaled nitric oxide.