电视硬质气管镜治疗大气道良性肿瘤

目的探讨电视硬质气管镜在大气道良性肿瘤治疗中的价值.方法2002年9月～2005年4月,我院应用电视硬质气管镜治疗大气道良性肿瘤7例,其中气管1例,隆突1例,左主支气管3例,右主支气管2例.手术采用静脉全身麻醉,喷射通气供氧,探查评估气道后,首先冷冻或电凝肿瘤,破坏肿瘤血供,再以活检钳分块取出,蒂部采用冷冻或氩气凝固处理;对于宽蒂肿瘤,内镜下将肿瘤主体清除后中转开胸行气管局部切除吻合术.结果7例手术均顺利,无一例死亡和严重并发症发生.6例气管窄蒂良性肿瘤镜下完整摘除,1例气管膜部宽蒂平滑肌瘤先内镜清除肿瘤主体后中转开胸行气管局部切除.术后病理为错构瘤2例,平滑肌瘤3例,嗜酸性肉芽肿性腺瘤1例,炎症组织1例.7例随访3～36个月,平均17.3月,无肿瘤复发.结论电视硬质气管镜治疗大气道良性肿瘤安全可靠.     

Saccular Aneurysm of the Azygos Anterior Cerebral Artery: Three Case Reports

The azygos anterior cerebral artery, a rare anomaly in the circle of Willis in which only a single vessel supplies the medial aspects of both anterior cerebral hemispheres, is closely associated with saccular aneurysms. We present three cases of azygos anterior cerebral artery aneurysms among the 781 cerebral aneurysms surgically treated at our institution in an 11-year period. These three cases all involved elderly women who presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Conventional cerebral angiography and CT angiography revealed small saccular aneurysms at the distal ends of the azygos anterior cerebral arteries. These aneurysms were clipped successfully using a bifrontal interhemispheric approach. Hence, the pathogenesis of these particular aneurysms relating to hemodynamic change, associated anomalies, and surgical pitfalls is discussed with review of literature.     

床边调节式移动胸腔穿刺车的研制与应用

目的介绍床边调节式移动胸腔穿刺车的研制并观察其临床应用效果。方法自行设计并制作床边调节式移动胸腔穿刺车。将100例行胸腔穿刺术患者随机分为对照组和观察组各50例,对照组采用传统反坐靠背椅的方法行胸腔穿刺术,观察组采用床边调节式移动胸腔穿刺车行穿刺术。观察两组舒适程度。结果观察组患者穿刺时舒适度显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论床边调节式移动胸腔穿刺车可提高患者术中的耐受力和舒适度。     

Clinical Significance of an Early Protocol Biopsy in Living-Donor Renal Transplantation: Ten-Year Experience at a Single Center

We report here our 10-year experience of a biopsy performed at day 14 after transplantation in 304 patients with stable graft function. The factors that may have influenced subclinical rejection were analyzed according to histology. The incidence of subclinical rejection was 13.2%. Addition of mycophenolate mofetile (MMF) as a primary immunosuppressant significantly decreased the incidence of subclinical rejection compared with patients without such treatment (odds ratio, 0.23; p < 0.05). On the other hand, HLA-DR antigen mismatch (odds ratio, 2.39) and unrelated donor (odds ratio, 2.10) were also significantly associated with decreased subclinical rejection (p < 0.05). The incidence of acute rejection in patients with normal findings was lower than in those with borderline changes or subclinical rejection (0.23 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.48 +/- 0.07 and 0.60 +/- 0.11, respectively; p < 0.05). The graft survival rates in patients with subclinical rejection were lower than in patients with normal or borderline changes at 1 (88.4% vs. 97.9% and 99.1%; p < 0.05), 5 (77.8% vs. 96.2% and 95.9%; p < 0.05) and 10 (62.3% vs. 96.2% and 93.7%; p < 0.05) years. Thus, a protocol biopsy performed on day 14 after transplantation is useful for predicting graft survival. Triple therapy including MMF, related donor and HLA-DR antigen match are important factors for reducing subclinical rejection in living-donor renal transplantation.     

川芎嗪对P2X3受体介导的大鼠伤害性兴奋传入的作用

通过动物痛行为反应(缩足反射)确定局部和鞘内应用川芎嗪(TMP)对ATP等P2X受体激动剂所致大鼠足底急性伤害性行为反应的影响。P2X3受体拮抗剂TNP-ATP(0．3μmol／L)明显抑制P2X受体激动剂ATP(1μmol／L)或α，β-meATP(0．6μmol／L)引起的大鼠足底急性伤害性反应。大鼠足底局部应用TMP(0．1-10mmol／L)剂量依赖性地对ATP(1μmol／L)或α，β-meATP(0．6μmol／L)引起的伤害性反应具有抑制作用。鞘内应用TMP(50mmol／L)对ATP(1μmol／L)或α，β-meATP(0．6μmol／L)引起的伤害性反应具有抑制作用。结果表明，TMP可通过阻断P2X3受体介导的伤害性兴奋传入抑制P2X受体激动剂引起的大鼠足底急性伤害性反应。     

多层螺旋CT对冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的显示结果及与超声结果的比较

目的评价多层螺旋CT（MSCT）探查无明显管腔狭窄的冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的能力及准确性。方法共35例连续患者行冠状动脉内超声（IVUS）及16层MSCT检查，其中30例MSCT成像成功。对94支无明显狭窄的冠状动脉节段MSCT及IVUS图像行对照研究，逐一分析每支冠状动脉节段是否出现粥样硬化斑块。IVUS根据斑块回声特点将斑块分为钙化斑块、纤维斑块和软斑块，MSCT则测量斑块密度，以CT值表示。结果对照IVUS结果，MSCT对出现任何粥样硬化斑块节段的诊断敏感性为82．1％（46／56），特异性为89．5％（34／38）。对于含钙化斑块的节段，MSCT诊断敏感性为92．1％（35／38），特异性为96．4％（54／56）。对于含非钙化斑块的节段，MSCT诊断敏感性为73．2％（30／41），特异性为88．7％（47／53）。对于仅含非钙化斑块的节段，MSCT诊断敏感性为66．7％（12／18）。MSCT分析54个斑块平均CT值，按照IVUS分类，钙化斑块19个，纤维斑块19个，软斑块16个，对应CT值分别为：钙化斑块（489±169）HU（196～817HU），纤维斑块（69±21）HU（25～117HU）以及软斑块（23±18）HU（-12～47HU）。非参数Kruskal-Wallis检验显示3组斑块MSCT测量密度CT值间差异有统计学意义（P值均〈0．01）；两种方法对斑块面积的测量具有相关性（r=0．58，P〈0．01），MSCT测定斑块平均面积为5．3mm^2，IVUS为5．6mm^2。结论MSCT对无明显管腔狭窄的冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块有良好的探查能力。根据斑块密度（CT值）差异，MSCT能区分不同类型冠状动脉粥样斑块。对斑块面积测量，MSCT与IVUS结果具有相关性。     

Long-term application of diethylstilbestrol upregulates expressions of μ- and m-calpains in pituitary intermediate lobe of female Wistar rats

BACKGROUND: During formation of prolactin neoplasia, how cells and its structure in adenohypophysis affect prolactin cells should be further studied. Intermediate lobe can be regarded as a driving region to release prolactin (PRL) and may promote formation of prolactin neoplasia in pituitary anterior lobe. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the expressions of μ and m-calpains in pituitary intermediate lobe of female Wistar rats. DESIGN: Observational contrast animal study. SETTING: Beijing Neurosurgical Institute. MATERIALS: A total of 21 female Wistar rats, 3 weeks old weighing 70–80 g were housed with free access to tap water and standard pellet food. They were kept in a CL-grade condition, at (24±1)℃ and a humidity of (55±5)%, and with a 12 hours day-night cycle. Caprine anti-μ- and m-calpains antibodies were provided by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA; rabbit-anti-PRL antibodies by Dako, Denmark; rabbit-anti-ACTH antibody by Boster Company, Wuhan. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in Pathophysiological Department and Animal Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute from August 2006 to January 2007. ① Rats were randomly divided into groups with 7 in each group, including vehicle control group, in which rats were injected intraperitoneally with sun-flower seed oil (1 mL/kg, twice a week) for 16 weeks; DES group, where animals were administered with DES (5 mg/kg, twice a week) for 16 weeks; DES + vehicle control group, in which DES was administered for 12 weeks at the same dose with those in DES group, and then was discontinued and replaced by sun-flower seed oil (1 mL/kg, twice a week) for the following 4 weeks. ② At 16 weeks later, pituitary tissue was dealt with HE staining and PRL immunohistochemical examination to observe evoke of tumor; meanwhile, immunohistochemical examination was used to observe expression of PRL of pituitary anterior lobe, expressions of μ- and m-calpains of pituitary intermediate lobe and distribution of adrenocorticotropin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Expression of PRL of pituitary anterior lobe, expressions of μ- and m-calpains of pituitary intermediate lobe and distribution of adrenocorticotropin. ② Morphological observation of pituitary tissue. RESULTS: All 21 rats were involved in the final analysis. ① Results of immunohistochemical examination: Morphological changes of neoplasia in DES group were strongly positive to PRL, and this suggested that formation of prolactin adenoma was observed in pituitary tissue. As compared with vehicle control group, expression of adrenoeorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was increased in both DES group and DES + vehicle control group. In addition, expressions of μ- and m-calpains in pituitary intermediate lobe were higher in DES group than that in vehicle control group. Otherwise, expressions of m-calpains in pituitary intermediate lobe was decreased in DES + vehicle control group, but expression of μ-calpains was still increased. ② Morphological observation of pituitary tissue: Gland tubes were orderly arranged in rats in vehicle control group. Anterior pituitary gland in rats of DES group demonstrated an apparent disappearance of gland tubes and a relatively large-scaled vasculature formation, namely the vascular lake lined by tightly arranged endothelial cells. Local integrated tumor cell arrangements were also detected. In addition, the border between the IL and the anterior lobe was locally blurred. The definite tumor-like changes in pituitary tissues were confirmed in 6 of 7 female Wistar rats in DES group, and one spontaneous occurrence of tumor formation was found in vehicle control group. In DES + vehicle control group, DES withdrawal led to the subtile emergence of gland tube cavity, although tumor-like cells still existed in 4 of 7 rats, suggesting occurrence of the tumor regression due to the withdrawal of DES. CONCLUSION: A long-term application of DES can enhance the expressions of ubiquitours neutral cysteine protease in pituitary intermediate lobe and this suggests that both of them play a key role in release of hormone and formation of prolactin neoplasia through directly promoting PRL expression and release of neighboring pituitary intermediate lobe.     

Retinopathy in hepatitis C patients due to combination therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin

Background  

To assess the nature, incidence, and risk factors of retinopathy associated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients.     

急性胰腺炎的超声诊断

目的：探讨急性胰腺炎的超声诊断及其应用价值。方法：60例经CT或由临床症状结合腹部穿刺得以确诊的急性胰腺炎，就超声表现和各类型的表现进行分析。结果：60例急性胰腺炎患者中，超声诊断52例，准确率为86．7％，其中，急性水肿型胰腺炎28例，胰腺大，内部回声减低或是增强，均匀或不均匀；急性出血坏死型胰腺炎24例，胰腺弥漫性或局限性肿大，轮廓较为模糊，回声不均匀，低或强回声相间，回声较粗，多见边沿粗糙；60例中误诊的8例仅见气体全反射回声，未探及胰腺声像。结论：超声对急性胰腺炎的诊断准确率高，并能做出分型诊断，临床应用方便快捷。     

外引流术后的白内障超声乳化手术

目的：探讨抗青光眼餐引流术后的白内障患眼进行超声乳化吸除术的手术入路，操作方式及临床效果。方法：避开功能性滤过泡，选择角巩膜隧道切口或透明角膜切口，瞳孔麻痹性散大时，做一个完美的直径约5mm的连续环形撕囊以补偿之；恰当处理虹膜后粘连后，在病理性小瞳孔下完成超声乳化手术；眼压失控者行青光眼白内障人工晶体植入三联术。结果：无后囊破裂，人工晶体全部囊袋内植入，术后1周视力≥0．5者20只眼（64．5％），0．1－0．4者8只眼（25．8％），＜0．1者3只眼（9．7％）。随访1－16个月，眼压均在20.55mmHg以下。结论：体外流术后的白内障患眼，超声乳化手术因其切口小，并发症少，不破坏功能性滤过泡，不损伤瞳孔，是目前各种手术方法中的最佳选择。