Play interview therapy: Its history,theory and practice — A fifty year retrospective account

The method of the play interview offers the fearful child an opportunity to express himself by speaking for a series of dolls representing siblings, parents, teachers or himself. It is not the child who is aggressive, fearful, jealous or desires the parent's affection, but the doll. In this manner, the child learns to make connections between his fears and his unacceptable bad thoughts, feelings or wishes. Improvement occurs after several play interviews.This article is dedicated to Dr. Leo Kanner (1894–1981), former Director of the Children's Psychiatric Service of the Johns Hopkins HospitalLecture given to the Division of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Md, 21205, on September 6, 1988.     

Major histocompatibility complex class I peptide presentation after Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection assessed via stable isotope tagging of the B27-presented peptide repertoire

Reactive arthritis (ReA) induced by infection with several gram-negative bacteria is strongly associated with expression of the major histocompatibility complex class I molecule HLA-B27. It is thought that due to the intracellular lifestyle of ReA-inducing bacteria, bacterial fragments can be presented by HLA-B27. Cytotoxic T cells recognizing such bacterial peptides or other induced host peptides could cross-react with self peptides presented in the joints, giving rise to disease. Studies to analyze the B27 peptide repertoire in relation to infection were severely hampered, as complex peptide profiles obtained from separate infected and noninfected cell preparations had to be compared. For this study, we applied a new approach to examine the effect of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection on the B27 peptide repertoire presented by the HLA-B*2704 subtype associated with disease. Firstly, we showed that both host cell and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium proteins can be tagged metabolically with stable-isotope-labeled arginine. We then designed experiments so that either the tagged endogenous or tagged bacterial B*2704-presented peptide repertoires from infected cells could be analyzed by mass spectrometry from single peptide preparations that included uninfected controls. Using this new approach, we found no evidence for significant changes in endogenous B*2704 peptide presentation after infection or for any S. enterica serovar Typhimurium-derived B27-bound peptide. In conclusion, the hypothesis that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium induces changes in B27 peptide presentation could not be supported.     

Incomplete effector/memory differentiation of antigen-primed CD8+ T cells in gene gun DNA-vaccinated mice

DNA vaccination is an efficient way to induce CD8+ T cell memory, but it is still unclear to what extent such memory responses afford protection in vivo. To study this, we induced CD8+ memory responses directed towards defined viral epitopes, using DNA vaccines encoding immunodominant MHC class I-restricted epitopes of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus covalently linked to beta2-microglobulin. This vaccine construct primed for a stronger recall response than did a more conventional minigene construct. Despite this, vaccinated mice were only protected against systemic infection whereas protection against the consequences of peripheral challenge was limited. Phenotypic analysis revealed that DNA vaccine-primed CD8+ T cells in uninfected mice differed from virus-primed CD8+ T cells particularly regarding expression of very-late antigen (VLA)-4, an adhesion molecule important for targeting T cells to inflammatory sites. Thus, our DNA vaccine induces a long-lived memory CD8+ T cell population that provides efficient protection against high-dose systemic infection. However, viral replication in solid non-lymphoid organs is not curtailed sufficiently fast to prevent significant virus-induced inflammation. Our results suggest that this is due to qualitative limitations of the primed CD8+ T cells.     

Macrophage Accumulation, Division, Maturation and Digestive and Microbicidal Capacities in Tuberculous Lesions: I. Studies Involving their Incorporation of Tritiated Thymidine and their Content of Lysosomal Enzymes and Bacilli

Dermal and pulmonary tuberculous lesions were produced in rabbits with BCG, biopsied, incubated in vitro with tritiated thymidine (³HT) under hyperbaric oxygen, quickly frozen, sectioned in a cryostat, stained for the lysosomal enzyme β-galactosidase, autoradiographed, stained for acid-fast bacilli and counterstained with hematoxylin. As macrophages developed into epithelioid cells, they could still divide—ie, incorporate ³HT. However, once they became fully mature epithelioid cells that were 4-plus in β-galactosidase, they could not do so. Tuberclebacilli did not stimulate macrophage division. On the contrary, macrophages containing bacilli did not divide, except when the lesions began. During the development of tuberculous lesions, macrophages (including those rich in enzymes and those containing bacilli) died, forming caseous centers. Therefore, local cell division did not seem to be the main mechanism by which macrophages reduced their bacillary load. Such division seemed mainly to occur in young macrophages that had recently immigrated into the lesions from the bloodstream and had not yet ingested bacilli.     

Zur Kenntnis der Akuten Infektiösen Myokarditis

Zusammenfassung Es wird über zwei beobachtete Fälle von akuter Myokarditis berichtet, welche im Verlaufe bzw. im Anschlusse an eine akute Infektionskrankheit auftraten, bei denen die elektrokardiographisch festgestellten Störungen des Rhythmus und des Erregungsablaufes für die Stellung der Diagnose von großem Werte waren. In beiden Fällen trat nach einer kurzen Krankheitsdauer völlige Erholung ein.     

An Automated Self‐Similarity Analysis of the Pulmonary Tree of the Sprague–Dawley Rat

We present the results of an automated analysis of the morphometry of the pulmonary airway trees of the Sprague–Dawley rat. Our work is motivated by a need to inform lower‐dimensional mathematical models to prescribe realistic boundary conditions for multiscale hybrid models of rat lung mechanics. Silicone casts were made from three age‐matched, male Sprague–Dawley rats, immersed in a gel containing a contrast agent and subsequently imaged with magnetic resonance (MR). From a segmentation of this data, we extracted a connected graph, representing the airway centerline. Segment statistics (lengths and diameters) were derived from this graph. To validate this MR imaging/digital analysis method, airway segment measurements were compared with nearly 1,000 measurements collected by hand using an optical microscope from one of the rat lung casts. To evaluate the reproducibility of the MR imaging/digital analysis method, two lung casts were each imaged three times with randomized orientations in the MR bore. Diameters and lengths of randomly selected airways were compared among each of the repeated imaging datasets to estimate the variability. Finally, we analyzed the morphometry of the airway tree by assembling individual airway segments into structures that span multiple generations, which we call branches. We show that branches not segments are the fundamental repeating unit in the rat lung and develop simple mathematical relationships describing these structures for the entire lung. Our analysis shows that airway diameters and lengths have both a deterministic and stochastic character. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Effects of a diet rich in Q-3 fatty acids on left ventricular geometry and dynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Summary The aim of the present study was to investigate the chronic effects of a dietetic antihypertensive treatment on blood pressure, ventricular dynamics and geometry of the pressure loaded heart. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) received a standard diet enriched with 10% mackerel oil, containing 30% polyunsaturated Q-3 fatty acids, over a period of 70 days. As described previously the diet reduced blood pressure permanently by 40-50 mm Hg. Despite this reduction, the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy was only slightly (statistically insignificantly) reduced. This was probably a result of an increase in sympathetic tone as indicated by a raised pulse rate. On the other hand, the treatment prevented the development of eccentric hypertrophy, typical to the SHR, without changing the elastic material properties of the myocardium. Since the age-matched controls did not show significant degenerative alterations, protective effects at the level of myocardial tissue could not be demonstrated. Furthermore, future investigations need to investigate why myocardial contractility of the treated animals diminishes as observed in this study.