Endophytic species of Colletotrichum associated with mango in northeastern Brazil

Endophytic species of Colletotrichum associated with Mangifera indica (mango) are poorly understood. In this study, Colletotrichum species were isolated from mango in Pernambuco State, Brazil. There were significant differences in isolation frequencies of Colletotrichum species among sites and plant tissues. Mature leaf blades were colonized by most Colletotrichum isolates at the majority of sites. Partial sequences of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of 97 Colletotrichum isolates were amplified as an initial measure of genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis with a subset of 22 isolates were performed based on a multi-locus dataset (ACT, TUB2, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, ITS) followed by Apn2/MAT IGS sequence-analysis for isolates within the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Molecular analysis associated with phenotypic characteristics revealed six previously described species [C. asianum, C. cliviae, C. dianesei (syn. C. melanocaulon), C. fructicola, C. karstii and C. tropicale] and one new species. This new species is introduced as C. endomangiferae. All species isolated were pathogenic on mango fruits but varied in their virulence. There was no distribution pattern of species among sites and plant tissues, although C. asianum was the most prevalent species at all sites and in all plant tissues studied. Five previously reported Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose in mango fruits in northeastern Brazil were also recovered as endophytes.     

A Randomised Controlled Trial of complete denture impression materials

Objectives

There is continuing demand for non-implant prosthodontic treatment and yet there is a paucity of high quality Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) evidence for best practice. The aim of this research was to provide evidence for best practice in prosthodontic impressions by comparing two impression materials in a double-blind, randomised, crossover, controlled, clinical trial.

Methods

Eighty-five patients were recruited, using published eligibility criteria, to the trial at Leeds Dental Institute, UK. Each patient received two sets of dentures; made using either alginate or silicone impressions. Randomisations determined the order of assessment and order of impressions. The primary outcome was patient blinded preference for unadjusted dentures. Secondary outcomes were patient preference for the adjusted dentures, rating of comfort, stability and chewing efficiency, experience of each impression, and an OHIP-EDENT questionnaire.

Results

Seventy-eight (91.8%) patients completed the primary assessment. 53(67.9%) patients preferred dentures made from silicone impressions while 14(17.9%) preferred alginate impressions. 4(5.1%) patients found both dentures equally satisfactory and 7 (9.0%) found both equally unsatisfactory. There was a 50% difference in preference rates (in favour of silicone) (95%CI 32.7–67.3%, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

There is significant evidence that dentures made from silicone impressions were preferred by patients.

Clinical significance

Given the strength of the clinical findings within this paper, dentists should consider choosing silicone rather than alginate as their material of choice for secondary impressions for complete dentures.Trial Registration: ISRCTN 01528038.This article forms part of a project for which the author (TPH) won the Senior Clinical Unilever Hatton Award of the International Assocation for Dental Research, Capetown, South Africa, June 2014.     

From the Cover: Symmetric tangled Platonic polyhedra

Conventional embeddings of the edge-graphs of Platonic polyhedra, {f, z}, where f, z denote the number of edges in each face and the edge-valence at each vertex, respectively, are untangled in that they can be placed on a sphere (S2) such that distinct edges do not intersect, analogous to unknotted loops, which allow crossing-free drawings of S1 on the sphere. The most symmetric (flag-transitive) realizations of those polyhedral graphs are those of the classical Platonic polyhedra, whose symmetries are *2fz, according to Conway’s two-dimensional (2D) orbifold notation (equivalent to Schönflies symbols I_h, O_h, and T_d). Tangled Platonic {f, z} polyhedra—which cannot lie on the sphere without edge-crossings—are constructed as windings of helices with three, five, seven,… strands on multigenus surfaces formed by tubifying the edges of conventional Platonic polyhedra, have (chiral) symmetries 2fz (I, O, and T), whose vertices, edges, and faces are symmetrically identical, realized with two flags. The analysis extends to the “θ_z” polyhedra, {2,z}. The vertices of these symmetric tangled polyhedra overlap with those of the Platonic polyhedra; however, their helicity requires curvilinear (or kinked) edges in all but one case. We show that these 2fz polyhedral tangles are maximally symmetric; more symmetric embeddings are necessarily untangled. On one hand, their topologies are very constrained: They are either self-entangled graphs (analogous to knots) or mutually catenated entangled compound polyhedra (analogous to links). On the other hand, an endless variety of entanglements can be realized for each topology. Simpler examples resemble patterns observed in synthetic organometallic materials and clathrin coats in vivo.

Two-dimensional topology, graph theory, and non-Euclidean geometry offer a useful view of the rich universe of chemical structures. In this paper, we combine Platonic geometry and two-dimensional topology to derive theoretical families of “tangled” or “catenated” polyhedra, whose faces are threaded by edges. (We will clarify our nomenclature later on.) The resulting structures are worth knowing for their own sake, since they are the most symmetric entanglements of the regular (Platonic) polyhedra in three-dimensional space, with symmetrically equivalent faces, edges, and vertices. They are also promising candidates for (supra)molecular assemblies. For example, tangled symmetric structures are a feature of finite metal-organic molecules (1–5) and infinite catenated inorganic compounds, coordination polymers, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) (6–12).The phenomenon of entanglement is central to the mathematical field of knot theory (13). Equivalent tangled nets are “isotopic” and interchangeable by any distortion of the net edges and vertices as long as edges don’t pass through each other. Tangling is therefore a structural phenomenon that lies between geometrically congruent structures, which allow rigid-body rotations or translations only, and topologically equivalent (homeomorphic) structures, which can be interchanged by arbitrary distortions, including “phantom moves” of edges through each other. In common with modern understanding of polyhedra as combinatorial structures (14), we describe polyhedra via the net of edges and vertices, allowing faces to self-intersect. However, we do not insist that edges follow shortest paths between vertices, allowing edges to tangle. For example, tangled cubes share the topology of the conventional Platonic cube, but many different “isotopes” are possible, whose rings of four edges—bounding the cube “faces”—are threaded by edges in different ways (some examples can be found in ref. 15). The occurrence of tangled two- and three-periodic nets at the molecular scale in synthetic chemical materials, particularly MOFs, has led to a number of fundamental studies of tangles of infinite periodic nets (10, 16–19). In contrast, surprisingly little is known about allowed symmetries of finite nets, with the exception of the “trivial” (untangled) symmetric (e.g., Platonic and Archimedean) polyhedra and studies of symmetric embeddings of knots and links (20–22). Graph topologies of the five Platonic polyhedral nets are given by their Schläfli symbols, {f, z}, where f describes the number of edges per face and z the number of faces per vertex (z), including {3, 3} (tetrahedron), {3, 4} (octahedron), {4, 3} (cube), {3, 5} (icosahedron), and {5, 3} (dodecahedron). We describe the familiar regular embeddings of these nets, with straight edges, as (capitalized) “Platonic” embeddings and arbitrary embeddings of {f, z} nets as “platonic”. The former are “flag-transitive” embeddings of {f, z} nets with symmetrically identical faces, edges, and vertices; their point-group symmetries are (for our purposes) most simply denoted by Conway’s orbifold symbols *2fz (23). The orbifolds refer to the symmetries of spherical embeddings of the Platonic polyhedra, formed by blowing the polyhedra into a ball, bounded by a sphere centered on the polyhedron. The radius of that sphere can be adjusted so that all polyhedral vertices lie on its surface and edges form arcs of great circles joining those vertices. Conway symbols *2fz describe the asymmetric domain of those spherical Platonic polyhedra: spherical triangles bounded by geodesic mirror arcs (on great circles) subtending angles on the sphere of π2, πf, and πz. The geodesic edges coincide with the intersections of mirror planes of the Platonic polyhedron with the sphere, passing through face centers, vertices, and midedges, giving Schönflies point-group symbols, T_d, O_h, and I_h (for {3, 3}, {4, 3} or {3, 4}, and {5, 3} or {3, 5}, respectively) (24).Graph topologies of the nets of platonic polyhedra are constrained by Euler’s formula for polyhedra, which can be expressed as 0≤(f−2)(z−2)<4, where f and z are positive integers. That relation admits additional solutions, notably, the {2, 3} “θ-polyhedron,” with a pair of three-valent vertices and three lens-shaped faces. That net can be embedded in space with symmetry *223, in which case its three edges describe curved meridians from pole to pole. More generally, θ_z-polyhedra, with vertices at both poles joined by z meridians, are admissible solutions. For convenience, we include the θ_z-polyhedra among platonic examples. All of these platonic {f, z} polyhedra can be embedded as “regular” (Platonic) polyhedra, with reflection symmetry *2fz.The most symmetric “irregular” polyhedra are referred to as “chiral polytopes” in ref. 25. So-called chiral polytopes are almost, but not quite, regular: Like regular polyhedra, they have edge-, vertex-, and face-transitive embeddings. However, in contrast to regular cases which have a single flag, chiral polytopes have two distinct flags, each with separate orbits. Any flag of one type is necessarily adjacent to a flag of the other, and their union describes an asymmetric domain of the chiral embedding (25). (Three-dimensional chiral polytopes differ from better-known chiral polyhedra, such as the snub cube, although both are geometrically chiral.) Chiral polytopes, with straight edges, include either an infinite number of finite (skew) faces or a finite number of infinite (helical) faces (25), Here, we show that specific entanglements of {f, z} polyhedra, whose nets share the topologies of Platonic polyhedra, can be realized with symmetries 2fz, which contain rotation axes only (Schönflies point-group symbols T, O, and I for {3, 3}, {4, 3} or {3, 4}, and {5, 3} or {3, 5}, respectively). The edge-net of a tangled platonic {f, z} polyhedron cannot be morphed into that of its untangled Platonic analog without phantom crossings, where edges pass through each other. Like chiral polytopes, these tangled polyhedra have just two flags; they are therefore the most symmetric nontrivial embeddings of entangled platonic graphs, whose trivial entanglements are the Platonic *2fz polyhedral embeddings.Embeddings of Platonic {f, z} polyhedra with no crossed edges are possible on the sphere; their edges can therefore be traced in the plane without edge-crossings (e.g., via stereographic projection). These regular embeddings are classified as “untangled,” analogous to the trivial unknot, which can be drawn in the plane (or on the sphere) without edge-crossings. In contrast, like knots, planar drawings of tangled net embeddings contain edge-crossings, and crossing-free embeddings are possible only on higher-genus surfaces. Tangled embeddings of polyhedral nets {f, z} are less symmetric than their untangled, regular analogs. Earlier studies of tangled nets of the tetrahedron, octahedron, and cube, generated as reticulations of the relevant {f, z} nets on the torus, established that all such “toroidal polyhedra” are topologically chiral (26, 27), allowing a pair of distinct isotopes related to each other by a reflection. Further, those toroidal polyhedra are, without exception, rather asymmetric compared with their untangled embeddings. Their chirality ensures that they are devoid of reflections (so their orbifold symbols exclude the * character) and have multiple flags. The most symmetric toroidal tetrahedra, cubes, and octahedra can be realized with orbifolds 222 (D₂), 422 (D₄), and 622 (D₆), respectively (28), with six, six, and four distinct flags. Here, we show that the most symmetric {f, z} (nontrivially) tangled polyhedral nets can be embedded in space with chiral symmetry 2fz, provided their edges are curved (or suitably kinked), so that they have just two flags, analogous to chiral polytopes. Since the most symmetric regular embeddings of polyhedral graphs {f, z}, with symmetry *2fz, are untangled, these 2fz cases are the most symmetric possible embeddings of (nontrivial) polyhedral entanglements.     

Acupressure therapy for morning sickness. A controlled clinical trial

A prospective, controlled clinical trial examined the efficacy of acupressure therapy for morning sickness, using a two group, random assignment, crossover design. Subjects in Group 1 (N = 8) used acupressure wristbands for five days, followed by five days without therapy. Subjects in Group 2 (N = 8) had no therapy for five days, followed by five days use of wristbands. The Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist and Sickness Impact Profile were used, and extent of nausea was assessed at baseline, day five, and day ten. Use of acupressure wristbands relieved morning sickness for 12 of 16 subjects (chi 2 = 5.31 with Yates' correction factor, df = 1, p less than .025). Acupressure therapy resulted in statistically significant (p less than .05) reductions in anxiety, depression, behavioral dysfunction, and nausea. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are presented.     

The Effects of Carbohydrate versus Fat Restriction on Lipid Profiles in Highly Trained,Recreational Distance Runners: A Randomized,Cross-Over Trial

A growing number of endurance athletes have considered switching from a traditional high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HCLF) to a low-carbohydrate/high-fat (LCHF) eating pattern for health and performance reasons. However, few studies have examined how LCHF diets affect blood lipid profiles in highly-trained runners. In a randomized and counterbalanced, cross-over design, athletes (n = 7 men; VO_2max: 61.9 ± 6.1 mL/kg/min) completed six weeks of two, ad libitum, LCHF (6/69/25% en carbohydrate/fat/protein) and HCLF (57/28/15% en carbohydrate/fat/protein) diets, separated by a two-week washout. Plasma was collected on days 4, 14, 28, and 42 during each condition and analyzed for: triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, HDL-C, total cholesterol (TC), VLDL, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Capillary blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was monitored during LCHF as a measure of ketosis. LCHF lowered plasma TG, VLDL, and TG/HDL-C (all p < 0.01). LCHF increased plasma TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C (all p < 0.05). Plasma glucose and HbA1c were unaffected. Capillary BHB was modestly elevated throughout the LCHF condition (0.5 ± 0.05 mmol/L). Healthy, well-trained, normocholesterolemic runners consuming a LCHF diet demonstrated elevated circulating LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations, while concomitantly decreasing TG, VLDL, and TG/HDL-C ratio. The underlying mechanisms and implications of these adaptive responses in cholesterol should be explored.     

Nursing Case Management Strategies for Adults with Serious Mental Illness Seeking Dental Services

A university-community partnership initiated a dental screening and nursing case management program for Medicaid-insured adults with serious mental illness (SMI). Forty-three adults with SMI participated in dental screening; 72% participated in case management. Per client, an average of six case management contacts was made. After 6 months, 87% (27/31) had attended at least one dental appointment, with a 13% no-show rate; 8 completed treatment, 4 had ongoing treatment, 12 had interrupted care, and 3 were lost to follow-up. Adults with SMI experienced high unmet dental needs; nursing case management strategies aided clients to initiate and complete dental care.