Sural nerve biopsies in Guillain-Barre syndrome: axonal degeneration and macrophage-associated demyelination and absence of cytomegalovirus genome.

T-cell infiltration was detected by immunohistochemistry in only 2 of 10 sural nerve biopsies from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The number of endoneurial macrophages, identified by the monoclonal antibody MAC 387, was increased, compared with the number in 10 cases of axonal neuropathy. Macrophage-associated demyelination was identified in 7 and axonal degeneration in 8 cases. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) genome was not detected with the polymerase chain reaction.     

Normothermic renal artery perfusion: A comparison of perfusates

Hypothermia and preservative perfusates have been used to decrease ischemic renal injury. This study was performed to identify the preservative function of perfusates independent of the effects of hypothermia. Rats underwent 45 minutes of renal ischemia. Rectal and renal parenchyma temperatures were monitored and maintained within 1° C of normal. Perfusates were University of Wisconsin solution (UW), Euro-Collins solution, normal saline solution, and Ringer's lactate solution. A nonperfused ischemic control and a nonischemic control group were also evaluated. Parameters evaluated included serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, renal ischemic injury grade, renal weight, and gross appearance of the injured kidney. Rats treated with UW solution were found to have a significantly lower creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and injury grade than the other three perfused groups. The external gross appearance of the UW-treated kidneys was normal, whereas that of the other groups demonstrated moderate to severe injury. Although the mean right/left renal weight difference of the UW-treated group was lower than that of the other three groups, this was not statistically significant. Under normothermic conditions in rats, UW solution affords significant renal protection from ischemia. Euro-Collins, normal saline, and Ringer's lactate solutions display no significant protective effect.Presented at the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society, New Orleans, La., June 10, 1995.     

Morphologische Wirkung von Adrenalin und Insulin auf Knochenkapillaren nach Rezeptorenblockade

In three groups of six mice each, the α- and β-receptors were blocked by phentolamine and propranolol. The mice in the three groups then received an intravenous bolus injection of saline solution, epinephrine, and insulin, respectively. Cortical bone capillaries from the tibia diaphysis were submitted to transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lumen and endothelium were measured and the results compared. Significant changes were only noted in the endothelium after the administration of insulin. These findings suggest that there are also insulin receptors in bone. Furthermore, they support previous findings in similar studies with epinephrine.     

The syndrome of senile gait

Summary Infrared computed stroboscopic photometry was used to quantify the kinematic profiles of walking in 10 elderly patients with symmetrical neurological disturbances of gait and in 19 age-matched neurologically healthy people. Clinical examination of the patients revealed similar profiles of walking even though their diagnoses were vascular dementia (2), normal pressure hydrocephalus (2), Alzheimer dementia with possible normal pressure hydrocephalus (2), mixed Alzheimer and vascular dementia (1), peripheral neuropathy (1), Alzheimer dementia with parkinsonian features (1), and un determined (1). Quantitatively, the patients' gait kinematics deviated greatly from control values, but these deviations were statistically attributable to reductions in stride. We suggest that many gait disturbances in elderly people are similar, regardless of etiology, because the characteristics of these gait disturbances are heavily veiled by nonspecific stride-dependent changes that comprise the syndrome of senile gait.     

Immunopotentiation of bovine herpes virus subunit vaccination by interleukin-2.

Cattle were immunized with glycoprotein IV (gIV) from bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1). Groups of five animals were then given either 2, 3, 4, or 5 doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2) (0.5 microgram/kg) at 12-hr intervals. Animals that received no IL-2 exhibited specific immune responses that are typical for BHV-1 infection, i.e. enhanced specific cytotoxicity, lymphocyte proliferative responses to gIV, and increased gIV-specific (ELISA) and virus-neutralizing antibodies. Treatment of animals with five doses of IL-2 significantly augmented all of these responses except serum neutralization (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, the dose of IL-2 that was selected did not induce any non-specific responses, i.e. hypergamma-globulinaemia, changes in blood chemistry, increased lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity, changes in mitogen responsiveness or alterations in the phenotypic profile of circulating lymphocytes. Nor were there any clinical changes associated with IL-2 therapy (e.g. depression, pyrexia, diarrhea). Animals that were treated with less than five doses of IL-2 also exhibited elevated immune responses, but they were not significantly different from untreated immunized controls. Interestingly, animals given five doses of IL-2 responded to minor contaminants present in the gIV preparation. This allows speculation that this dose regimen of IL-2 is not only a potent adjuvant for conventional vaccine immunizing doses, but will also allow the use of minute quantities of antigen for immunization.     

A study of 100 high risk lupus pregnancies.

Certain subgroups of lupus patients and those with circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in particular, suffer a high rate of fetal loss. Over the past 4 years, we have prospectively studied 100 pregnancies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary antiphospholipid syndrome. In addition to conventional methods of monitoring SLE and fetal development, we have also used Doppler flow assessment of placental perfusion from the 14th wk of pregnancy onward. Patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome and previous history of thrombotic events were treated with daily heparin (10,000 IU) and low-dose aspirin (75 mg). Those without a history of thrombosis were treated with low-dose prednisolone, azathioprine, or hydroxychloroquine. Pregnancy loss was reduced from 81.3% in 101 previous pregnancies to 36.8% in 100 pregnancies managed by us. None of the patients who received hydroxychloroquine throughout the pregnancy presented fetal malformations. Careful management and close monitoring of the lupus pregnancy has substantially improved fetal outcome.     

Enteroviruses in recreational waters of Northern Ireland.

Virus surveillance of Northern Ireland recreational waters, between April 1986 and May 1989 demonstrated widespread enteroviral contamination of coastal and inland waters. In 1986, enteroviruses were detected in 4 of 46 (8.7%) water samples, collected from 6 coastal bathing waters. In 1987, 49 of 107 (45.8%) samples, from 16 coastal bathing waters, yielded enteroviruses; 33 of the enterovirus positive samples passed one or both of the coliform standards outlined by the European Economic Community (EEC) bathing water directive (76/160/EEC). Enteroviruses were also detected in 33 of 39 (84.6%) samples tested from 3 inland recreational waters.