Persistent fifth aortic arch associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion is frequently associated with conotruncal malformations and aortic arch anomalies. This study investigated the association of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion with clinical manifestations in four pediatric patients with persistent fifth aortic arch. METHODS: Four patients with persistent fifth aortic arch treated between July 1997 and June 2004 were included in this retrospective study. There were two girls and two boys, aged 2 days to 11.3 years, with persistent fifth aortic arch and cardiac conotruncal malformations. Chart recordings, plain chest films, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiograms, cardiac catheterization with angiograms, surgical findings, and cytogenetic study were analyzed. RESULTS: Clinically, all four patients had the cardinal phenotypic features of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, including cardiovascular malformations (conotruncal malformations and aortic arch anomalies), abnormal facies, thymic hypoplasia, canopy anomaly of the palate (high-arched palate, rather than cleft palate), and hypocalcemia (or hypoparathyroidism). All four patients were confirmed to have chromosome 22q11.2 deletion. CONCLUSION: Congenital conotruncal malformations, including tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia or stenosis, and aortic arch anomalies including a persistent fifth aortic arch or a right aortic arch, should lead to suspicion of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion when manifested together with any one of the other four cardinal phenotypic features.     

提高产科休克的处置水平降低孕产妇死亡率

休克是指由各种原因所导致的有效循环血容量减少、破坏机体内环境稳定,引起了微循环障碍,影响重要脏器组织血液灌注所出现的临床综合征,产科休克是指与妊娠及分娩因素直接有关的休克,是产科领域中一种急性而严重的并发症,目前仍然为导致孕产妇死亡的重要原因.因此,提高所有妇产科医务人员对产科休克的认识及临床处置水平是降低我国孕产妇死亡率的关键,亦是我们妇产科医师当前的主要任务.     

谈分组式教学在《护理研究》教学中的应用

21世纪。我国护理教学改革已经进入了新的发展时期，尤其是国家教育部和卫生部联合组织的《面向21世纪高等医学教育课程体系建设和改革》课题的广泛实施，极大地促进了医学和护理教育的发展。高等护理教育课程作为达到教育目的的主要手段，必须加以改革与创新，要着眼于21世纪发展趋势与要求，以学生的发展为本，把学生身心全面发展和个性、潜能发展作为核心，充分借鉴已有的课程改革实践经验和成果，培养符合21世纪需要的高层次护理人才。在当前推行以人为本的整体护理背景下，现代护理教育越来越重视培养学生的探索精神、科研精神、创新精神，通过研究改进护理工作和提高对病人的护理。这也正和分组式教学的功能相吻合。为了充分发挥该模式对护理人才培养的作用，对其理论基础以及在护理教育领域中的教学程序、教学效果进行探讨是很有必要的。     

中国心理咨询发展的历史回顾与前景趋势

目的：回顾心理咨询在中国产生、发展的历史和现状，提出存在的问题和不足，展望21世纪心理咨询发展的前景和趋势。 资料来源：通过整理专家专题讲座笔记和手工查阅与心理咨询相关的资料，检索词“心理咨询”，并限定文章语言种类为中文。 资料选择：对资料进行初审，选取心理咨询文献开始查找全文。纳入与心理咨询相关的研究。 资料提炼：根据国内外关于心理咨询的研究资料和印刷品资源中心理咨询相关资料进行归纳和概括，提取相关资料并进行整合。纳入与国外心理咨询历史发展和生态学有关，与中国心理咨询发展与现状有关的资料。 资料综合：心理咨询在发达国家虽然已有近百年的历史，但在中国才刚刚起步阶段，广大心理咨询工作者经过近20多年的不懈地努力。心理咨询理论和方法虽然有了雏形，还需要进一步的完善。 结论：借鉴国外心理咨询发展的新理论和新方法，是发展中国心理咨询理论与方法的有效途径。可以认为，生态观将成为21世纪心理咨询发展的大趋势之一。     

颈椎病的影像学检查及其临床意义

目的探讨颈椎病的临床及影像学表现,以期提高对本病的认识。方法对86例颈椎病X线,CT,MR影像学表现进行分析。结果86例中,颈椎病主要影像学改变为颈椎生理曲度异常,椎体和钩突关节骨质增生,椎间隙变窄,椎管狭窄和颈部韧带骨化。结论颈椎病影像学改变具有一定的特征性,有助于颈椎病的诊断,为临床治疗提供了依据和参考价值。     

What is the prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging using rubidium-82 positron emission tomography?

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to determine the prognostic value of rubidium-82 (82Rb) positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). BACKGROUND: 82Rb PET MPI accurately diagnoses coronary artery disease (CAD). However, there are limited data evaluating its prognostic value. METHODS: Follow-up (3.1 +/- 0.9 years) was obtained in 367 patients who underwent dipyridamole 82Rb PET MPI. Patients were divided into groups based on their summed stress score (SSS): group I, normal (<4); group II, mild (4 to 7); and group III, moderate (8 to 11) to severe (> or =12). RESULTS: There were significant differences among patients in the 3 SSS groups for hard events (cardiac death and myocardial infarction [MI]) (p < 0.001) and total cardiac events (hard events, revascularization and hospitalization) (p < 0.001). The annual hard events rates were 0.4%, 2.3%, and 7.0% in the normal, mild, and moderate-severe groups, respectively. In adjusted survival models, 82Rb PET SSS was the strongest predictor of total cardiac events and a significant predictor of hard events. Among patients referred for PET after 99mTc single-photon emission computed tomography, the annual total event rate was higher with abnormal versus normal SSS on PET (15.2% vs. 1.3%, p < 0.001). In patients with obesity, the annual total event rate was 11.1% with an abnormal scan and 1.5% with a normal scan (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that 82Rb PET MPI has significant prognostic value for predicting cardiac events, including death and MI. It also seems to have prognostic value in patients whose diagnosis remains uncertain after single-photon emission computed tomography MPI and in obese patients. The prognostic value of PET MPI may improve the management of cardiac patients.     

对哲学基本问题第二层含义的思考

哲学基本问题之所以有第二层含义，一是科学和哲学发展的必然结果；二是马克思主义哲学严密性和科学性的内在要求；三是只有科学回答和解决第二层含义问题，才能确立正确的人与世界的关系。     

听觉诱发电位在无痛人流手术麻醉中的应用研究

目的 观察异丙酚复合氯胺酮在无痛人流术中对听觉诱发电位指数（auditory evoked potentials index．AAI）的影响。方法 选择门诊无痛人流患者56例，随机分成异丙酚（Ⅰ组，n=28）和异丙酚复合氯胺酮（Ⅱ组，n=28）。记录给药前、后，整个手术过程度术毕苏醒过程中各时点的AAI值、OAA／S评分、平均动脉压．（MAP）、心率（HR）及血氧饱和度（SpO2）以度异丙酚用量、苏醒时间度质量。结果 两组AAI值和OAA／S评分在给药后及整个手术期间均明显降低，与自身给药前相比，有非常显著差异（P〈0．01）；Ⅱ组AAI下降的时间度恢复时间滞后于Ⅰ组，AAI值与OAA／S评分有良好的相关性。两组在给药后MAP均有下降，与给药前相比，有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；而HR和SpO2无明显变化。Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组相比，Ⅱ组异丙酚用量明显少于Ⅰ组。苏醒时间长于Ⅰ组；苏醒质量无显著性差异。结论 AAI能较好的反映异丙酚的镇静水平。同时也可反映异丙酚复合氯胺酮后的总体镇静程度。但反映速度滞后，需结合临床进行整体判断。氯胺酮对AAI的影响不大。氯胺酮不干扰异丙酚引起的AAI值的变化。     

Congenital toxoplasmosis—prenatal aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is the cause of toxoplasmosis. Primary infection in an immunocompetent person is usually asymptomatic. Serological surveys demonstrate that world-wide exposure to T. gondii is high (30% in US and 50–80% in Europe). Vertical transmission from a recently infected pregnant woman to her fetus may lead to congenital toxoplasmosis. The risk of such transmission increases as primary maternal infection occurs later in pregnancy. However, consequences for the fetus are more severe with transmission closer to conception. The timing of maternal primary infection is, therefore, critically linked to the clinical manifestations of the infection. Fetal infection may result in natural abortion. Often, no apparent symptoms are observed at birth and complications develop only later in life. The laboratory methods of assessing fetal risk of T. gondii infection are serology and direct tests.Screening programs for women at childbearing age or of the newborn, as well as education of the public regarding infection prevention, proved to be cost-effective and reduce the rate of infection.The impact of antiparasytic therapy on vertical transmission from mother to fetus is still controversial. However, specific therapy is recommended to be initiated as soon as infection is diagnosed.