Lipid infusion lowers sympathetic nervous activity and leads to increased β-cell responsiveness to glucose

We investigated the possible involvement of the autonomic nervous system in the effect of a long-term elevation of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration on glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS) in rats. Rats were infused with an emulsion of triglycerides (Intralipid) for 48 hours (IL rats). This resulted in a twofold increase in plasma FFA concentration. At the end of infusion, GIIS as reflected in the insulinogenic index (ΔI/ΔG) was 2.5-fold greater in IL rats compared with control saline-infused rats. The ratio of sympathetic to parasympathetic nervous activities was sharply decreased in IL rats relative to controls. GIIS was studied in the presence of increasing amounts of α- and β-adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists. The lowest concentrations of the α2A-adrenoreceptor agonist oxymetazoline, which were ineffective in control rats, reduced GIIS in IL rats. At the dose of 0.3 pmol/kg, GIIS became similar in IL and control rats. The use of β-adrenoreceptor agonist (isoproterenol) or antagonist (propranolol) did not result in a significant alteration in GIIS in both groups. GIIS remained as high in IL vagotomized rats as in intact IL rats, indicating that changes in parasympathetic tone were of minor importance. Altogether, the data show that lipid infusion provokes β-cell hyperresponsiveness in vivo, at least in part through changes in α2-adrenergic innervation.     

Detecting traumatic internal carotid artery dissection using transcranial Doppler in head-injured patients

Purpose  

The early diagnosis of traumatic internal carotid artery dissection (TICAD) is essential for initiating appropriate treatment and improving outcome. We searched for criteria from transcranial Doppler (TCD) measurements on admission that could be associated with subsequent TICAD diagnosis in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).     

A 1-Mb resolution radiation hybrid map of the canine genome

The purebred dog population consists of >300 partially inbred genetic isolates or breeds. Restriction of gene flow between breeds, together with strong selection for traits, has led to the establishment of a unique resource for dissecting the genetic basis of simple and complex mammalian traits. Toward this end, we present a comprehensive radiation hybrid map of the canine genome composed of 3,270 markers including 1,596 microsatellite-based markers, 900 cloned gene sequences and ESTs, 668 canine-specific bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) ends, and 106 sequence-tagged sites. The map was constructed by using the RHDF5000-2 whole-genome radiation hybrid panel and computed by using MULTIMAP and TSP/CONCORDE. The 3,270 markers map to 3,021 unique positions and define an average intermarker distance corresponding to 1 Mb. We also define a minimal screening set of 325 highly informative well spaced markers, to be used in the initiation of genome-wide scans. The well defined synteny between the dog and human genomes, established in part as a function of this work by the identification of 85 conserved fragments, will allow follow-up of initial findings of linkage by selection of candidate genes from the human genome sequence. This work continues to define the canine system as the method of choice in the pursuit of the genes causing mammalian variation and disease.