Anti-RMA: a murine monoclonal antibody that activates rat macrophages. I. Distribution and characterization of the RMA antigen.

Activated macrophages participate in inflammation by eliminating foreign cells, promoting wound healing, and modulating the immune response. A murine monoclonal antibody, designated anti-rat macrophage activator (RMA), was raised against alveolar macrophages (AM) activated with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The RMA antigen is expressed by resident macrophages but not by other cells. Binding to AM by anti-RMA is not competitively inhibited by the murine monoclonal antibodies MRC OX-41, OX-42, and OX-43. Surface membrane expression of RMA antigens is upregulated by lipopolysaccharide, PMA, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not by IFN-gamma. Stimulation of AM with anti-RMA yields distinct ultrastructural alterations, as well as de novo protein and DNA synthesis. Immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine metabolically labeled AM yields a 120 kD protein by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) that is not altered by chemical reduction. We conclude that the RMA antigen is macrophage specific and that binding of anti-RMA to AM promotes functional activities in a subset of these cells.     

含银介孔二氧化硅-壳聚糖复合材料的制备与性能研究

目的探讨含银介孔二氧化硅-壳聚糖复合材料(Ag/MSN-Chi)的制备方法及其微观表征、细胞毒性、吸水性能、抗菌性能及止血性能。 方法以正硅酸乙酯为前驱体，十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为致孔剂，采用离子交换法在介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(MSN)中引入银离子，制备出具有抗菌作用的新型有序的含银介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(Ag/MSN)材料。再利用烷基化壳聚糖负载Ag/MSN，制备出Ag/MSN-Chi。根据所用材料不同将实验分为实验组和空白对照组，实验组又分为3个亚组：MSN组、Ag/MSN组、Ag/MSN-Chi组，空白组为不加任何材料的阳性对照。计算MSN和Ag/MSN的比表面积、孔容、孔径和Ag/MSN与Ag/MSN-Chi的电荷。并通过吸水实验、体外凝血实验、抗菌实验对MSN、Ag/MSN和Ag/MSN-Chi的细胞毒性、吸水性能、止血性能及抗菌性能进行评价，计算细胞相对存活率、吸水率、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血活酶时间(APTT)及抑菌率。取健康成年新西兰大白兔18只，随机分成3组：对照组(采用医用纱布处理)、Ag/MSN组(采用Ag/MSN处理)、Ag/MSN-Chi组(采用Ag/MSN-Chi处理)，每组6只，建立肝创伤出血模型，计算止血时间。数据比较采用方差分析和t检验。 结果MSN的比表面积为(523.8±12.4) m²/g、孔容为(1.2±0.4) m³/g、孔径为(3.5±0.9) nm；Ag/MSN的比表面积为(521.6±11.7) m²/g、孔容为(1.15±0.5) m³/g、孔径为(3.6±0.7) nm，2种材料的比表面积、孔容、孔径比较差异均无统计学意义(t＝0.224、0.135、0.015，P值均大于0.05)。经测量，Ag/MSN的Zeta电位为－19.7 mV，Ag/MSN-Chi的Zeta电位为10.27 mV，表明Ag/MSN表面电荷从负值变为正值。Ag/MSN-Chi组、Ag/MSN组和MSN组与小鼠成肌细胞共培养1、4、7 d的细胞相对存活率比较，差异均无统计学意义(F＝2.61、4.72、3.52, P值均大于0.05)。Ag/MSN组吸水率分别与MSN组和Ag/MSN-Chi组比较，差异均无统计学意义(t＝0.482、1.159，P值均大于0.05)。经检测，Ag/MSN-Chi组、Ag/MSN组、MSN组和空白对照组的PT比较，差异无统计学意义(F＝10.28，P>0.05)；Ag/MSN-Chi组、Ag/MSN组、MSN组和空白对照组APTT分别为(20.9±2.1)、(28.5±3.4)、(31.4±2.6)、(38.7±2.5) s，4组比较差异有统计学意义(F＝8.70，P<0.05)；Ag/MSN-Chi组、Ag/MSN组、MSN组APTT分别与空白对照组比较，差异均有统计学意义(t＝9.443、4.186、3.506，P值均小于0.05)；Ag/MSN-Chi组APTT与Ag/MSN组比较，差异有统计学意义(t＝3.294，P<0.05)。MSN组在培养0.5、2、4、6、24 h 5个时间点抑菌率比较差异无统计学意义(F＝5.437，P>0.05)；培养0.5 h，Ag/MSN组和Ag/MSN-Chi组抑菌率分别为(99.7±5.2)%、(97.1±5.4)%，与培养0.5 h MSN组抑菌率(11.2±5.8)%比较，差异均有统计学意义(t＝19.678、18.775, P值均小于0.05)；培养24 h，Ag/MSN组和Ag/MSN-Chi组抑菌率分别为(73.2±5.1)%和(72.9±6.9)%，与MSN组(11.8±5.7)%比较，差异均有统计学意义(t＝13.904、11.825, P值均小于0.05)。Ag/MSN-Chi组、Ag/MSN组和对照组止血时间分别为(12.3±1.5)、(17.2±3.4)、(28.1±3.8) s，3组比较差异有统计学意义(F＝5.892，P<0.05)；Ag/MSN-Chi组和Ag/MSN组止血时间分别与对照组比较，差异均有统计学意义(t＝9.473、5.236, P值均小于0.05)；且Ag/MSN-Chi组与Ag/MSN组止血时间比较，差异有统计学意义(t＝3.230，P<0.05)。 结论Ag/MSN-Chi在不增加细胞毒性的基础上具有有较好的吸水性能、止血性能及抗菌性能。     

Interferon-gamma is an autocrine mediator for dendritic cell maturation

Maturation of dendritic cells (DC) is critical for efficient antigen presentation and initiation of an immune response. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important Th1 cytokine. In this study, we investigated the role of IFN-gamma in DC maturation using either IFN-gamma receptor deficient- or IFN-gamma overexpression-models. We showed that immature DC generated in vitro from bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells produced low level of IFN-gamma. After LPS stimulation, DC produced more IFN-gamma, and IFN-gamma productions were at comparable levels among C57BL/6 mice-derived DC (C57BL/6 DC), wild-type 129 mice-derived DC (129 DC) and IFN-gamma receptor deficient 129 mice-derived DC (IFN-gammaR-/-DC). We found that IFN-gammaR-/-DC exhibited decreased expression of CD54, CD86, reduced capacity to secrete IL-1beta and IL-12p70, and impaired capacity to stimulate alloreactive T cells and to drive Th1 differentiation. Transfection of IFN-gamma gene into DC promoted DC to express higher CD40, CD54, CD80, CD86, CCR7 and I-Ab, secrete more IL-1beta and IL-12p70, and more potently activate both CD4 and CD8 T cells. These data suggest that IFN-gamma signaling pathway is important for the maturation of DC in an autocrine fashion.     

THE ACTION OF RADIX REHMANNIAE AND PLASTRUM TESTUDINIS ON BETA- ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR-cAMP SYSTEM

Mouse and rat pathological models were pro duced by injections of thyroid hormone (T3 0r T4, Model. I) or hydrocortisone (HC, Model II). A single subcutaneous dose of isoproterenol (ISO) caused plasma cAMP to peak in 5-15 min which was significantly higher in mouse Models I and II than in normal mice. Daily oral administration of a decoction of two Yin tonics-Radix Rehmanniae (RR) and Plastrum Testudinis (PT) reduced peak cAMP in both models. 3H.DHA binding assay re vealed significant elevations of the number of 3 adrenergic receptors in rat Models I and II. Decoc- tion RR and PT restored the peaks to normal range. Yang tonics Radix Aconiti praeparata (RAP) and Cortex Cinnamomi (CC) showcd contradictory effects on these models. It seems unlikely that the action of the two tonics promotes the dlearance of injected hormones, since injected hormone RIA iii plasma showed no differences between Yin tonics treated and untreated models. The therapeutic effects of these two Yin tonics on "Yin deficiency" syndrome of hyperthyroidism or hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex is very probably related to their actions on the O-adrenoreceptor-cAMP system as stated.     

长效可逆避孕措施在人工流产后即刻实施的效果评价

目的探究长效可逆避孕措施在人工流产后即刻实施的效果。方法从2017年7月-2018年7月,抽选在广州市增城区妇幼保健院行人工流产女性1200例,按照随机数字表法分为常规组(612例)和强化干预组(588例)。常规组给予常规流产后关爱(PAC)服务,强化干预组在常规PAC服务的基础上采用长效可逆避孕措施。对比两组长效可逆避孕措施使用情况、重复人工流产率以及避孕措施的持续时间情况。结果强化干预组的高效避孕措施使用率比常规组更高,同时重复人工流产率比常规组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);强化干预组长效可逆避孕措施LARC(IUS/IUD)避孕术后6个月、1年使用率明显高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);复方口服避孕药优思悦(COC)避孕术后3个月、6个月、1年的使用率比常规组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论人工流产后即刻实施长效可逆避孕措施,可提升高效避孕措施的使用率,减少意外妊娠及再次人工流产的几率,值得推广。     

Association of Opioid Use Disorder With 2016 Presidential Voting Patterns: Cross-sectional Study in New York State at Census Tract Level

BackgroundOpioid overdose-related deaths have increased dramatically in recent years. Combating the opioid epidemic requires better understanding of the epidemiology of opioid poisoning (OP) and opioid use disorder (OUD).ObjectiveWe aimed to discover geospatial patterns in nonmedical opioid use and its correlations with demographic features related to despair and economic hardship, most notably the US presidential voting patterns in 2016 at census tract level in New York State.MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis used data from New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System claims data and the presidential voting results of 2016 in New York State from the Harvard Election Data Archive. We included 63,958 patients who had at least one OUD diagnosis between 2010 and 2016 and 36,004 patients with at least one OP diagnosis between 2012 and 2016. Geospatial mappings were created to compare areas of New York in OUD rates and presidential voting patterns. A multiple regression model examines the extent that certain factors explain OUD rate variation.ResultsSeveral areas shared similar patterns of OUD rates and Republican vote: census tracts in western New York, central New York, and Suffolk County. The correlation between OUD rates and the Republican vote was .38 (P<.001). The regression model with census tract level of demographic and socioeconomic factors explains 30% of the variance in OUD rates, with disability and Republican vote as the most significant predictors.ConclusionsAt the census tract level, OUD rates were positively correlated with Republican support in the 2016 presidential election, disability, unemployment, and unmarried status. Socioeconomic and demographic despair-related features explain a large portion of the association between the Republican vote and OUD. Together, these findings underscore the importance of socioeconomic interventions in combating the opioid epidemic.