Immunohistology of the human spleen: an inventory of the localization of lymphocyte subpopulations

The immunohistochemistry of the cell population of the human spleen was studied. As controls, a strictly defined group of five specimens were used. This study stresses the need for the utmost care in this selection procedure. Using enzyme- and immuno-histochemistry the lymphocyte subpopulations were studied as to their localization in the several specific compartments in the red and white pulp. The findings were compared to those in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and Hodgkin's disease. In the controls a consistent pattern was found. There were specific changes in each of the disease groups consisting mainly of shifts between the compartments.     

注射用头孢曲松钠无菌检查方法验证

目的建立注射用头孢曲松钠无菌检查标准方法。方法按《中国药典》2005年版的有关要求,通过接种代表性的阳性菌株,采用薄膜过滤进行方法学验证。结果每筒冲洗300mL(分3次),可以消除样品对5株实验菌:金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、生孢梭菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌的抗菌活性,使其正常生长;每筒冲洗400mL(分3次),可以消除样品对2株实验菌:枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌的抗菌活性。结论本样品可以采用薄膜过滤法总冲洗量1200mL(冲洗液为400mL/筒)测定。     

荜茇宁降血脂和急性毒性实验研究

目的:研究荜茇宁对动物血脂的影响及急性毒性作用。方法:以大鼠食饵性高脂血症为模型,给予高脂饲料的同时灌服荜茇宁,连续14d,测定血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)含量;采用高脂饲料喂养建立家兔高脂血症模型,观察荜茇宁对血脂、肝脏脂质和动脉粥样硬化的改善情况.通过小鼠急性毒性实验观察其对小鼠产生的毒性反应。结果:荜茇宁显著降低大鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-c和动脉硬化指数(AI),升高HDL-c的含量;能降低家兔血清TC、TG、LDL-c和肝脏TC、TG,并且显著改善动脉粥样硬化。小鼠急性限量毒性实验显示,给药后小鼠未出现死亡及毒性反应。结论:荜茇宁具有明显地降血脂和改善动脉粥样硬化作用,而且毒性极低。     

Comparison of cytopathic changes in oral hairy leukoplakia with in situ hybridization for EBV DNA

OBJECTIVE: It has been observed that the cytopathic changes in hairy leukoplakia (HL) correlate with ultra-structural evidence of intra-keratinocyte herpes-type viral particles. In situ hybridization is considered to be the definitive confirmation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced HL. This study evaluated the consistency of histopathological findings, which many believe to be diagnostic, with in situ hybridization for EBV-DNA in 60 patients with lesions clinically suggestive of HL.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections were reviewed independently by three oral pathologists who did not know the hybridization results. The presence in keratinocytes of nuclear inclusions and/or homogenization, believed to be specific for EBV in these lesions, was used as an indicator for infection. Cytoplasmic changes were evaluated separately.
RESULTS: With in situ hybridization, 48 cases were positive and 12 were negative. When the two methods were compared, pathologist concurrence ranged from 83% to 92%. False negatives ranged from 6% to 19%, and false positives ranged from 8% to 25%. Cytoplasmic ballooning, homogenization, and perinuclear clearing were evident in all cases of hybridization-confirmed HL; however, these changes were also noted in 75% (9/12) of the cases with negative hybridization results. Most confirmed HL cases exhibited both nuclear homogenization and inclusions, although the former was more consistently seen.
CONCLUSION: Cytoplasmic changes did not agree well with EBV-DNA hybridization results, whereas nuclear changes demonstrated good, but not complete, agreement. In appropriate clinical settings, the finding of nuclear inclusions and/or homogenization may be of diagnostic value. However, because the potential for false positives and negatives is high, H&E cytopathology should not be used as a substitute for in situ hybridization in the definitive diagnosis of oral hairy leukoplakia.     

微小染色体维持蛋白与肿瘤的研究进展

微小染色体维持(MCM)蛋白家族是一类从太古代生物到高等真核生物广泛存在的高度保守的蛋白质。MCM蛋白与其他相关因子相互影响,共同在DNA复制、延长、转录及修复过程中发挥作用。MCM蛋白在细胞周期中异常高表达意味着细胞非典型增生甚至肿瘤的发生,提示MCM蛋白可作为增殖细胞的特殊标志物,在肿瘤的诊断、预后评价、临床治疗等方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

Development of GABA-sensitive spasticity and rigidity in rats after transient spinal cord ischemia: a qualitative and quantitative electrophysiological and histopathological study

Transient spinal cord ischemia may lead to a progressive degeneration of spinal interneurons and subsequently to increased hind limb motor tone. In the present work we sought to characterize the rigidity and spasticity components of this altered motor function by: i) tonic electromyographic activity measured in gastrocnemius muscle before and after ischemia, ii) measurement of muscle resistance during the period of ankle flexion and corresponding changes in electromyographic activity, iii) changes in Hoffmann reflex, and, iv) motor evoked potentials. In addition the effect of intrathecal treatment with baclofen (GABAB receptor agonist; 1 microg), nipecotic acid (GABA uptake inhibitor; 300 microg) and dorsal L2-L5 rhizotomy on spasticity and rigidity was studied. Finally, the changes in spinal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and 1 (VGLUT2 and VGLUT1) expression were characterized using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. At 3-7 days after ischemia an increase in tonic electromyographic activity with a variable degree of rigidity was seen. In animals with modest rigidity a velocity-dependent increase in muscle resistance and corresponding appearance in electromyographic activity (consistent with the presence of spasticity) was measured during ankle rotation (4-612 degrees /s rotation). Measurement of the H-reflex revealed a significant increase in Hmax/Mmax ratio and a significant loss of rate-dependent inhibition. In the same animals a potent increase in motor evoked potential amplitudes was measured and this change correlated positively with the increased H-reflex responses. Spasticity and rigidity were consistently present for a minimum of 3 months after ischemia. Intrathecal treatment with baclofen (GABA B receptor agonist) and nipecotic acid (GABA uptake inhibitor) provided a significant suppression of spasticity, rigidity, H-reflex or motor evoked potentials. Dorsal L2-L5 rhizotomy significantly decreased muscle resistance but had no effect on increased amplitudes of motor evoked potentials. Confocal analysis of spinal cord sections at 8 weeks-12 months after ischemia revealed a continuing presence of ChAT positive alpha-motoneurons, Ia afferents and VGLUT2 and VGLUT1-positive terminals but a selective loss of small presumably inhibitory interneurons between laminae V-VII. These data demonstrate that brief transient spinal cord ischemia in rat leads to a consistent development of spasticity and rigidity. The lack of significant suppressive effect of dorsal L2-L5 rhizotomy on motor evoked potentials response indicates that descending motor input into alpha-motoneurons is independent on Ia afferent couplings and can independently contribute to increased alpha-motoneuronal excitability. The pharmacology of this effect emphasizes the potent role of GABAergic type B receptors in regulating both the spasticity and rigidity.