双—对二甲氨基苯甲醛缩二胺类希夫碱合成、表征及抗菌活性

目的：合成双－对二甲氨基苯甲醛缩二胺类希夫碱,并对其抗菌活性进行研究。方法：以对二甲氨基苯甲醛和二胺类为原料,经缩合反应,制得4种相应希夫碱。结果：结构经元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振谱确定,4种化合物均未见文献报道,抗菌活性测试表明,它们具有一定抗菌活性。结论：乙酸是催化剂,对缩合反应有利,希夫碱化合物具有一定抗菌活性。     

Morphologic Analysis of the Carpal Tunnel and Median Nerve Following Open and Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release

Background: Endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) has purported advantages over open release such as reduced intraoperative dissection and trauma and more rapid recovery. Endoscopic carpal tunnel release has been shown to have comparable outcomes to open release, but open release is considered easier and safer to perform. Previous studies have demonstrated an increase in carpal tunnel volume, regardless of the technique used. However, the mechanism by which this volumetric increase occurs has been debated. Our study will determine through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis the morphologic changes that occur in both open carpal tunnel release (OCTR) and ECTR, thereby clarifying any morphologic differences that occur as a result of the 2 operative techniques. We hypothesize that there will be no morphologic differences between the 2 techniques. Methods: This was a prospective study to compare the postoperative anatomy of both techniques with MRI. Nineteen patients with clinical and nerve conduction study–confirmed carpal tunnel syndrome underwent either open or endoscopic release. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively in all patients to examine the volume of the carpal tunnel, transverse distance, anteroposterior (AP) distance, divergence of tendons, and Guyon’s canal transverse and AP distance. Results: There was no significant difference in the postoperative morphology of the carpal tunnel and median nerve between OCTR and ECTR at 6-month follow-up on MRI. Conclusion: We conclude that there are no morphologic differences in OCTR and ECTR. It is an increase in the AP dimension that appears to be responsible for the increase in the volume of the carpal tunnel.     

Drug and Alcohol Use with Condomless Anal Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Melbourne,Australia: A Retrospective Data Analysis from 2011 to 2017

Rises in condomless anal sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been reported over the last decade but there is less certainty about the role that drugs, alcohol, play in this change. We examined the changes in drug and alcohol use among 22,255 MSM reporting condomless anal sex at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre in 2011–2017. There was a 7% annual increase in using drugs before and/or during condomless anal sex but a 3% annual reduction in condomless anal sex while drunk. MSM taking PrEP were more likely to report condomless anal sex with drug use (AOR: 1.21; 95%CI: 1.07–1.37) and alcohol use (AOR: 1.29; 95%CI: 1.14–1.46) compared with MSM not taking PrEP.

     

Preoperative versus postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy for surgically curable carcinoma of the rectum and distal sigmoid colon

From January 1979 to October 1986, 86 patients with surgically resectable adenocarcinoma of the rectum or rectosigmoid were treated with adjuvant radiotherapy consisting of preoperative 2,400 cGy (22 patients), preoperative 4,000 cGy (14 patients), "sandwich" technique (27 patients), and postoperative irradiation (23 patients). Average follow-up was 42.9 months. The local recurrence rate was 4.5%, 9.1%, 7.4%, and 34.8%, respectively. The distant metastasis rate was 18.2%, 18.2%, 7.4%, and 30.4%, respectively. Preoperative radiotherapy with adequate surgical resection appears more effective in reducing the incidence of local recurrence.     

Use of refractometry to identify opioid-containing solutions

The purpose of this laboratory study was to assess the value of refractometry in identifying the contents of a variety of opioid-containing solutions. A hand-held refractometer was used to document the refraction produced by the undiluted contents of alfentanil, fentanyl, morphine, sufentanil ampoules and by solutions of Ringer’s lactate, 0.9% saline, 3.3% dextrose in 0.3% saline, and distilled water. Each opioid was then serially diluted in serial 1:2, 1:4, and 1:8 dilutions in each of these solutions and the refractions of each determined. Based on this information, blinded identification of various diluted opioid solutions was attempted. Refractometer values for undiluted fentanyl and sufentanil were identical with those for distilled water. Those for undiluted alfentanil and morphine were almost identical with each other and with 1:2 and 1:4 dilutions of either drug in Ringer’s lactate or 0.9% saline. We conclude that refractometry is an unreliable screening method to detect tampering with opioid solutions.     

Original article: Effects of Raised Extracellular Magnesium on Platelet Reactivity

The inhibitory effects on platelet reactivity of increased extracellular magnesium were investigated. Wherever possible, experiments were performed in hirudinized whole blood. Concentration dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation and dense granule release were observed with MgSO(4). Antiaggregatory effects were identical with MgCl(2), indicating that the effects are due to the Mg(2+) ion. Antiaggregatory effects of CaCl(2), differed from those of MgCl(2), indicating that this is not a non-specific divalent cation effect. MgSO(4) also caused concentration-dependent inhibition of platelet thromboxane production. Experiments in the presence of apyrase and indomethacin showed that complex formation with ADP and inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase do not entirely account for the inhibitory effect of magnesium on platelet activation. Studies with an anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody showed that the inhibitory effects on the release reaction and thromboxane synthesis are independent of those on aggregation. The results are consistent with magnesium modifying an intracellular signal transduction pathway common to several agonists, rather than the effects of magnesium being specific for one agonist. This study also shows that MgSO(4) inhibits agonist-induced increases in intracellular free calcium. Increasing the extracellular concentration of magnesium up to 10 mM had no effect on agonist-induced increments in intraplatelet free Mg(2+) concentration.     

Practice effects with the NIMH AIDS abbreviated neuropsychological battery.

The degree of practice effects with the Brief NIMH Neuropsychological Battery for HIV Infection and AIDS is reported using a 7-10 day test-retest interval. The patient groups were asymptomatic and symptomatic of HIV while the control group was made up of "at risk" volunteers. Statistically significant practice effects were obtained on the California Verbal Learning Test, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task and the Visual Search Test among the infected individuals. The controls subjects demonstrated statistically significant practice effects on all of the neuropsychological tests. The implications of these findings in prospective studies are discussed.     

Stages of change and the intake of dietary fat in African-American women: improving stage assignment using the Eating Styles Questionnaire

OBJECTIVE: To develop an algorithm for determining the stage of change for dietary fat intake in African-American women. DESIGN: We examined the relationships between stage of change, dietary fat intake, and associated eating behaviors and developed an assessment tool for placing subjects in their appropriate stage of change. SUBJECTS: Working class and middle-income African-American women in Nashville, Tenn; 174 in study 1 and 208 in study 2. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Fat and fiber intake by stage of change was examined using multivariate analysis of variance. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using Ward's method. RESULTS: A significant difference in fat intake was noted between women trying to change their intake and those not trying to change in study 1 (P < .001) and study 2 (P < .03). Of those trying to change, only 34% (study 1) and 9% (study 2) of subjects reported fat intakes below the Healthy People 2000 goal of 30% of energy from fat. In study 1, cluster analysis identified 14 groups of foods that significantly separated subjects into not trying, noncompliant, and compliant categories. Compliant subjects ate out less; ate fewer snack foods and less chicken, meat, and fat; and ate more fruits, vegetables, breakfast foods, and low-fat products. These results led to development of the Eating Styles Questionnaire (study 2), which facilitated more appropriate placement of the noncompliant group in stages of change for dietary fat intake. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: These data support the stage construct of the Transtheoretical Model for dietary fat reduction in African-American women. Moreover, the Eating Styles Questionnaire (ESQ) can improve determination of stage of change for this group of women. The ESQ can be used to diagnose the eating styles that contribute to a high-fat intake and help in the design of interventions to lower fat intakes.