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61.
Some inconvenient truths about biosignatures involving two chemical species on Earth-like exoplanets
Hanno Rein Yuka Fujii David S. Spiegel 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2014,111(19):6871-6875
The detection of strong thermochemical disequilibrium in the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet is thought to be a potential biosignature. In this article we present a previously unidentified kind of false positive that can mimic a disequilibrium or any other biosignature that involves two chemical species. We consider a scenario where the exoplanet hosts a moon that has its own atmosphere and neither of the atmospheres is in chemical disequilibrium. Our results show that the integrated spectrum of the planet and the moon closely resembles that of a single object in strong chemical disequilibrium. We derive a firm limit on the maximum spectral resolution that can be obtained for both directly imaged and transiting planets. The spectral resolution of even idealized space-based spectrographs that might be achievable in the next several decades is in general insufficient to break the degeneracy. Both chemical species can only be definitively confirmed in the same object if absorption features of both chemicals can be unambiguously identified and their combined depth exceeds 100%.With almost a thousand confirmed exoplanets [Open Exoplanet Catalogue (1)], the prospects of detecting signs of a biosphere on a body outside our own solar system are more promising than ever before. However, there are still huge technological and theoretical challenges to overcome before one can hope to make a clear detection of life on an exoplanet. In this article, we discuss one of these complications, the possibility of false positives due to the presence of an exomoon orbiting the exoplanet.There are many ways that life on an exoplanet might affect the planet’s appearance, ranging from deliberate signals from intelligent civilizations (2) to subtler signs of simple life. To characterize an extrasolar world as fully as possible, we ideally would measure its spectrum as a function of time in both the optical and the infrared parts of the spectrum (e.g., refs. 3–6). For example, spectral evidence of water could suggest that a planet might be habitable. It has also been suggested that an intriguing indication of life might be an increase in the planet’s albedo toward the infrared part of the spectrum, which on Earth can be associated with vegetation (7). However, these features alone would not be smoking-gun proof of the presence of life. The terms “biomarker” and “biosignature” generally refer to chemicals or combinations of chemicals that could be produced by life and that could not be (or are unlikely to be) produced abiotically; hereafter, we use these terms interchangeably. If biosignature gases are detected in the spectrum of an exoplanet, the probability that they actually indicate life depends both on the prior probability of life (8) and on the probability that the observed spectroscopic feature could be produced abiotically. The latter possibility is the subject of this paper.Byproducts of metabolism are often thought of as the most promising biomarker (9–15). More specifically, an extreme thermodynamic disequilibrium of two molecules in the atmosphere is considered a biosignature (16–18). An example of two such species is the simultaneous presence of O2 and a reduced gas such as CH4. It is important to point out that a disequilibrium in a planet’s atmosphere should not be considered as clear evidence for life. [Also note that the Earth might have never had a phase of strong, observable O2/CH4 disequilibrium (19).] There is a long list of abiotic sources that could also create a disequilibrium such as impacts (20), photochemistry (21), and geochemistry (14).In this article, we describe a previously unidentified scenario for a possible false positive biosignature. If the exoplanet hosts a moon that has an atmosphere itself, the simultaneous observation of the planet and moon modifies the observed spectrum (see also refs. 22 and 23) and can produce a signal that looks like a disequilibrium in one atmosphere but is in fact created by two atmospheres blended together. It might be extremely difficult to discern that an exoplanet even has a moon, let alone that one component of a two-chemical biosignature comes from the moon instead of the planet.The outline of this article is as follows. We first describe our model atmospheres and present simulated spectra. Using those synthetic spectra, we show that the combined spectrum from an oxygen-rich atmosphere such as that of the Earth and a methane-rich atmosphere such as that of Titan indeed looks like it could have come from a single atmosphere with a strong disequilibrium. We then calculate a strong upper limit on the spectral resolution of such a system as observed from Earth under ideal conditions with a plausibly sized space telescope. Our estimate shows that the spectral resolution for such a system is unlikely to exceed ∼1,600 with foreseeable technology. Given this maximum possible resolution, discriminating between a single planet and a planet–moon system is in general unlikely to be possible.† Nevertheless, we conclude with a summary and a positive outlook with two possibilities that can provide genuine biosignatures. The first possibility is to find a single chemical species that is sufficient to indicate life. The second one requires the unambiguous identification of both species’ absorption features and the combined depth of the features needs to exceed 100%. 相似文献
62.
Rupa Narayan MD Traci M. Blonquist MS Ashkan Emadi MD PhD Robert P. Hasserjian MD Meghan Burke BS Christopher Lescinskas BS Donna S. Neuberg ScD Andrew M. Brunner MD Gabriela Hobbs MD Hanno Hock MD PhD Steven L. McAfee MD Yi-Bin Chen MD Eyal Attar MD Timothy A. Graubert MD Christina Bertoli MSN Jenna A. Moran MSN Meghan K. Bergeron MSN Julia E. Foster MSN Aura Y. Ramos BSN Tina T. Som BSN Megan K. Vartanian BSN RN Jennifer L. Story LPN Kristin McGregor MS Molly Macrae BS Tanya Behnan BS Margaret C. Wey PhD Jessica Rae BSN Frederic I. Preffer PhD Patricia Lesho BA Vu H. Duong MD Mason L. Mann BA Karen K. Ballen MD Christine Connolly BS Philip C. Amrein MD Amir T. Fathi MD 《Cancer》2020,126(6):1264-1273
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Cytokines are involved in virtually every aspect of immunity and inflammation. A cascade of responses evolves after cytokine activation, although optimal function might ultimately involve several complementary cytokines. Understanding the function of individual cytokines is complicated because their role can vary depending on the cellular source, target, and phase of the immune response. In fact, numerous cytokines have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory potential, with the contrasting outcome observed being determined by the immune cells present and their state of responsiveness to the cytokine. These issues make the study of cytokine biology daunting, particularly so for IL-10 and IL-10-related genes. The IL-10 superfamily is highly pleiotropic. These genes are linked together through genetic similarity and intron-exon gene structure. Significant commonality exists not only through shared receptors but also through conserved signaling cascades. However, its members mediate diverse activities, including immune suppression, enhanced antibacterial and antiviral immunity, antitumor activity, and promotion of self-tolerance in autoimmune diseases. 相似文献
65.
Inga Ebermann Jennifer B. Phillips Max C. Liebau Robert K. Koenekoop Bernhard Schermer Irma Lopez Ellen Sch?fer Anne-Francoise Roux Claudia Dafinger Antje Bernd Eberhart Zrenner Mireille Claustres Bernardo Blanco Gudrun Nürnberg Peter Nürnberg Rebecca Ruland Monte Westerfield Thomas Benzing Hanno J. Bolz 《The Journal of clinical investigation》2010,120(6):1812-1823
Usher syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous recessive disease characterized by hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). It frequently presents with unexplained, often intrafamilial, variability of the visual phenotype. Although 9 genes have been linked with Usher syndrome, many patients do not have mutations in any of these genes, suggesting that there are still unidentified genes involved in the syndrome. Here, we have determined that mutations in PDZ domain–containing 7 (PDZD7), which encodes a homolog of proteins mutated in Usher syndrome subtype 1C (USH1C) and USH2D, contribute to Usher syndrome. Mutations in PDZD7 were identified only in patients with mutations in other known Usher genes. In a set of sisters, each with a homozygous mutation in USH2A, a frame-shift mutation in PDZD7 was present in the sister with more severe RP and earlier disease onset. Further, heterozygous PDZD7 mutations were present in patients with truncating mutations in USH2A, G protein–coupled receptor 98 (GPR98; also known as USH2C), and an unidentified locus. We validated the human genotypes using zebrafish, and our findings were consistent with digenic inheritance of PDZD7 and GPR98, and with PDZD7 as a retinal disease modifier in patients with USH2A. Pdzd7 knockdown produced an Usher-like phenotype in zebrafish, exacerbated retinal cell death in combination with ush2a or gpr98, and reduced Gpr98 localization in the region of the photoreceptor connecting cilium. Our data challenge the view of Usher syndrome as a traditional Mendelian disorder and support the reclassification of Usher syndrome as an oligogenic disease. 相似文献
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69.
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation of Pulmonary Metastases from Colorectal Carcinoma: Prognostic Determinants for Survival 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Yan TD King J Sjarif A Glenn D Steinke K Morris DL 《Annals of surgical oncology》2006,13(11):1529-1537
Background Preliminary results have shown that percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may play a useful role in patients with inoperable lung tumors. This series evaluated the prognostic features for survival in nonsurgical candidates who underwent percutaneous RFA of pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinoma.Methods Fifty-five patients not suitable for surgery underwent percutaneous RFA for colorectal pulmonary metastases. All clinical and treatment-related data were collected prospectively. The primary end point of the study was overall survival, defined from the time of RFA intervention. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify statistically significant prognostic parameters for overall survival.Results The overall median survival was 33 months (range, 4–40 months), with actuarial 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival of 85%, 64%, and 46%, respectively. Univariate analysis demonstrated that largest size of lung metastasis (P < .001), location of lung metastases (P = .032), and repeat percutaneous RFA for pulmonary recurrence (P = .024) were statistically significant for overall survival. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that largest size of lung metastasis >3 cm was independently associated with a reduced overall survival (P = .003).Conclusions Percutaneous lung RFA may play a useful role in nonsurgical candidates with colorectal pulmonary metastases. However, the survival benefit of this interventional procedure for patients with a pulmonary metastasis >3 cm was limited. 相似文献
70.
The faster the better: anastomosis time influences patient survival after deceased donor kidney transplantation 下载免费PDF全文
Annemarie Weissenbacher Rupert Oberhuber Benno Cardini Sascha Weiss Hanno Ulmer Claudia Bösmüller Stefan Schneeberger Johann Pratschke Robert Öllinger 《Transplant international》2015,28(5):535-543
Despite a continuously growing knowledge of the impact of factors on kidney graft function, such as donor age, body mass index, and cold ischemia time, few data are available regarding anastomosis time (AT) and its impact on long‐term results. We investigated whether surgical AT correlates with patient and graft survival after kidney transplantation performing a retrospective analysis of 1245 consecutive deceased donor kidney transplantations between 01/2000 and 12/2010 at Innsbruck Medical University. Kaplan–Meier and log‐rank analyses were carried out for 1‐ and 5‐year patient and graft survival. AT was defined as time from anastomosis start until reperfusion. Median AT was 30 min. Five‐year survival of allografts with an AT >30 min was 76.6% compared with 80.6% in the group with AT <30 min (P = 0.027). Patient survival in the group with higher AT similarly was inferior with 85.7% after 5 years compared with 89.6% (P < 0.0001) [Correction added on February 18, 2015, after first online publication: the percentage value for patient survival was previously incorrect and have now been changed to 89.6%]. Cox regression analysis revealed AT as an independent significant factor for patient survival (HR 1.021 per minute; 95% CI 1.006–1.037; P = 0.006). As longer AT closely correlates with inferior long‐term patient survival, it has to be considered as a major risk factor for inferior long‐term results after deceased donor kidney transplantation. 相似文献