The preventative analgesic effect of preincisional peritonsillar infiltration of two low doses of ketamine for postoperative pain relief in children following adenotonsillectomy. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Background:  In literature, the use of ketamine for the preventative analgesia in the management of postoperative pain is controversial. The purpose of the present study was the clinical assessment of the efficacy of preincisional peritonsillar infiltration of two doses of ketamine on postoperative pain relief compared with peritonsillar saline in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.
Methods/materials:  Seventy-five ASA physical status I and II patients, aged 3–12 years, scheduled for adenotonsillectomy were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients were divided into three groups of 25 each and received a local peritonsillar infiltration of 0.9% saline (group S), ketamine 0.5 mg·kg⁻¹ (group K1), or ketamine 1 mg·kg⁻¹ (group K2). All medications were 2 ml in volume which was applied 1 ml per tonsil 3 min prior to tonsillectomy. The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) and Wilson sedation scale were used to evaluate pain levels and sedative conditions, respectively.
Results:  Group S had significantly higher CHEOPS scores than group K1 and K2. Both K1 and K2 groups had comparable scores, which were not statistically significant ( P  > 0.05). During 24 h after surgery, 16 patients in group S and no patients in groups K1 or K2 needed analgesics ( P  <   0.001).
Conclusions:  A 0.5 or 1 mg·kg⁻¹ dose of ketamine given at approximately 3 min before surgery by peritonsillar infiltration provides efficient pain relief during 24 h after surgery without side-effects in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.     

Immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells: a potential therapeutic strategy for type 1 diabetes

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stromal cells that have the potential to give rise to cells of diverse lineages. Interestingly, MSCs can be found in virtually all postnatal tissues. The main criteria currently used to characterize and identify these cells are the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into tissues of mesodermal origin, combined with a lack in expression of certain hematopoietic molecules. Because of their developmental plasticity, the notion of MSC-based therapeutic intervention has become an emerging strategy for the replacement of injured tissues. MSCs have also been noted to possess the ability to impart profound immunomodulatory effects in vivo. Indeed, some of the initial observations regarding MSC protection from tissue injury once thought mediated by tissue regeneration may, in reality, result from immunomodulation. Whereas the exact mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory functions of MSC remain largely unknown, these cells have been exploited in a variety of clinical trials aimed at reducing the burden of immune-mediated disease. This article focuses on recent advances that have broadened our understanding of the immunomodulatory properties of MSC and provides insight as to their potential for clinical use as a cell-based therapy for immune-mediated disorders and, in particular, type 1 diabetes.     

Effects of spinal cord injury on semen parameters

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Neurogenic reproductive dysfunction in men with spinal cord injury (SCI) is common and the result of a combination of impotence, ejaculatory failure, and abnormal semen characteristics. It is well established that the semen quality of men with SCI is poor and that changes are seen as early as 2 weeks after injury. The distinguishing characters of poor quality are abnormal sperm motility and viability. In the majority of the men with SCI, the sperm count is not abnormal. We elaborate on the effects of the SCI on semen parameters that may contribute to poor motility and poor viability. METHODS: Review. DESIGN: PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched using the following key words: spinal cord injuries, fertility, sexual dysfunction, and spermatogenesis. All literature was reviewed by the team of authors according to the various stages of sperm development and transport in the male reproductive cycle. FINDINGS: The cause of asthenozoospermia appears to be multifactorial. CONCLUSION: Current literature does not support the preeminence of a single factor relating to neurogenic reproductive dysfunction in men with SCI. After SCI, there is ample evidence of disturbance of sperm production, maturation and storage, and transport due to an abnormal neuroendocrine milieu. Semen quality seems to be primarily affected by changes to the seminal plasma constituents, type of bladder management, and the neurogenic impairment to the ejaculatory function. Further focused and structured studies are required.     

Results of surgery for irreversible moderate to severe mitral valve regurgitation secondary to myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: Moderate to severe irreversible mitral regurgitation secondary to myocardial infarction is an independent risk factor for reduced long-term survival. Late effects of correction of mitral incompetence concomitant with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are less well known and the choice of mitral valve procedure is still debated. METHODS: From 1988 to 1998, 93 consecutive patients (mean age 63+/-9 years) were treated for moderate to severe irreversible mitral regurgitation secondary to myocardial infarction; 84 were in NYHA functional class III-IV and 19 were in cardiogenic shock. Thirty-seven patients underwent emergency surgery. Perioperative intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) was necessary in 33 patients. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 12 years (mean 51 months+/-41). RESULTS: Mitral valve was repaired in 30 patients and replaced in 63. Replacement was preferably performed in patients with major displacement of papillary muscle and in patients with acute papillary muscle rupture. CABG (3.4 distal anastomoses) was performed in all patients and was complete in 92%. Early mortality was 15% (14/93). Multivariable analysis identified need for IABP (P=0.005) and COPD (P=0.02) as risk factors for early death. Emergency surgery had only a trend (P=0.15) for increased mortality; age, low ejection fraction, repair vs. replacement had no influence. Actuarial survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 81, 65 and 56%, respectively. Late survival was similar in patients with replacement or repair (P=0.46). At last follow-up, all but one patient were in NYHA functional class I or II. CONCLUSIONS: Combined mitral valve procedure and myocardial revascularization, as complete as possible, for moderate to severe mitral regurgitation secondary to myocardial infarction achieve satisfactory early and late outcome despite the increased operative mortality. Acute papillary muscle rupture, severe restriction of the mitral valve by major displacement of the papillary muscle are better managed by valve replacement.     

Comparative study of functional responses and morphometric state of distal radial arteries in male and female

BACKGROUND: Differences can exist in terms of physiology and morphology of blood vessels on the basis of gender. Radial artery is now considered to be the second choice for coronary artery bypass grafting. However, there is a lack of comparative studies on the function and morphometery of radial arteries in female and male patients. METHODS: Radial arteries from 9 female and 9 male patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were used to compare the effects of vasoconstrictors, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine, as well as the influence of endothelium-dependent (with methacholine) and endothelium-independent (with sodium nitroprusside) relaxations. Furthermore, morphomteric measurements of smooth muscle thickness, lumen perimeter, lumen area, and intima area (including plaque) of distal radial arteries from female and male patients were also made. RESULTS: Radial arteries from female patients when compared to male patients were significantly more sensitive to the actions of noradrenaline, and somewhat more sensitive towards the actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine. However, no significant differences were found between the relaxant effects of methacholine in radial arteries of female and male patients. In contrast, radial arteries from female patients when compared to male patients were significantly less sensitive to the relaxant effects of sodium nitroprusside. Morphometric measurements of blood vessels from female and male patients revealed that vessels obtained from female patients had a smaller lumen area and perimeter than vessels from male patients. In contrast, there were no significant differences between tunica intima area (including plaque area) or smooth muscle thickness in radial arteries of female patients when compared to male patients. However, the radial arteries from female patients had a significantly greater ratio of tunica intima area (including plaque) to lumen area when compared with radial arteries from male patients. CONCLUSIONS: Differences exist between the functional behavior and morphometery of radial arteries of female and male patients. It is possible that postbypass, radial artery graft may show different characteristics in female versus male patients.     

Extent of liver resection influences the outcome in patients with cirrhosis and small hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The long-term outcome after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is influenced by parameters related to the tumor and the underlying liver disease. However, the extent of the resection, which can be limited or anatomical (including the tumor and its portal territory), is controversial. METHODS: Among 64 Child-Pugh A patients with cirrhosis who underwent curative liver resection for small HCC (< or = 4 cm) between 1990 and 1996, 34 patients underwent limited resection with a margin width of at least 1 cm, and 30 patients underwent anatomic resection of at least 1 liver segment with complete removal of the portal area containing the tumor. The 2 groups were comparable in terms of epidemiologic and pathologic parameters. The major end points were: (1) in-hospital mortality and morbidity; (2) overall and disease-free survival; and (3) rate and topography of recurrence. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality (6% vs 7%) and morbidity (52% vs 47%) rates after limited and anatomic liver resection were not statistically different. The 5- and 8-year overall survival rates after limited versus anatomic resection were, respectively, 35% versus 54% (P <.05) and 6% versus 45% (P <.05). The 5- and 8-year disease-free survival rates were, respectively, 26% versus 45% and 0% versus 21% (P <.05). Local recurrence was more frequently observed after limited resections than after anatomic resections (50% vs 10%, P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with cirrhosis and a small HCC, anatomic resection achieves better disease-free survival than limited resection without increasing the postoperative risk. Therefore, anatomical resection should be the treatment of choice and considered as the reference surgical treatment compared with other treatments.     

Utility and limitations of serum creatinine as a measure of renal function in experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the major cause of delayed graft function in renal allografts. The present study was performed to investigate the validity of serum creatinine (SCr) level as an indicator of postischemic renal dysfunction in mice. METHODS: Renal IRI or sham surgery was induced in C57BL/6 mice, and SCr level and inulin clearance (Cin) were measured between 24 hr and 7 days after ischemia. RESULTS: Cin in IRI mice was reduced 75% at 72 hr after ischemia in association with a nearly threefold increase in SCr level. Cin in IRI mice did not recover between 72 hr and 7 days after ischemia, even though SCr level at 7 days was not different between control and IRI mice. In IRI mice, SCr level measured at 24, 48, and 72 hr after ischemia correlated inversely with Cin measured at 72 hr, but not 7 days, after ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: SCr level in the early postischemic period (24-72 hr) seems to be a valid indicator of early postischemic renal dysfunction, and that renal function remains markedly depressed at 7 days despite suggestion from the SCr value that renal function is improving.     

Recent trends in early outcome of adult patients after heart transplantation: a single-institution review of 251 transplants using standard donor organs.

Older age, prior transplantation, pulmonary hypertension, and mechanical support are commonly seen in current potential cardiac transplant recipients. Transplants in 436 consecutive adult patients from 1994 to 1999 were reviewed. There were 251 using standard donors in 243 patients (age range 18-69 years). To emphasize recipient risk, 185 patients who received a nonstandard donor were excluded from analysis. The indications for transplant were ischemic heart disease (n = 123, 47%), dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 82, 32%), and others (n=56, 21%). One hundred and forty-nine (57%) recipients were listed as status I; 5 and 6% were supported with an intra-aortic balloon and an assist device, respectively. The 30-d survival and survival to discharge were 94.7 and 92.7%, respectively; 1-year survival was 89.1%. Causes of early death were graft failure (n = 6), infection (n = 4), stroke (n = 4), multiorgan failure (n = 3) and rejection (n = 2). Predictors were balloon pump use alone (OR= 11.4, p =0.002), pulmonary vascular resistance > 4 Wood units (OR = 5.7, p = 0.007), pretransplant creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL (OR = 6.9, p = 0.004) and female donor (OR = 8.3, p = 0.002). Recipient age and previous surgery did not affect short-term survival. Heart transplantation in the current era consistently offers excellent early and 1-year survival for well-selected recipients receiving standard donors. Early mortality tends to reflect graft failure while hospital mortality may be more indicative of recipient selection.     

Combined coronary artery bypass with carotid endarterectomy: do women have worse outcomes?

OBJECTIVE: Women undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have higher mortality and morbidity in numerous studies. Although controversial, similar results have been seen in women undergoing carotid endarterectomy. We examined the results of combined eversion CEA/CABG by one group to analyze if the outcome is different between men and women in this setting. METHOD: The records of all patients undergoing combined eversion CEA/CABG were reviewed from our vascular registry between January 1992 and January 2001. Indications, demographics, morbidity, and mortality were retrieved. These results were compared on the basis of gender as well as to patients undergoing CEA alone. Significance was assessed using Theta(2) analysis. RESULTS: There were 563 combined eversion CEA/CABG procedures performed over the 9-year study period: 324 in men and 239 in women. Asymptomatic >70% stenosis was seen in 275 (85%) male patients and 215 (90%) female patients (P = not significant [NS]). Stroke was found in four men vs three women (1.2% vs 1.3%, P = NS), whereas death occurred in 13 men and five women (4.0% vs 2.1%, P = NS). Thirty-day stroke/mortality was 4.9% in men vs 3.3% in women (P = NS). During the same period, patients undergoing CEA alone were subject to a stroke-mortality rate of 1.6% in men and 1.2% in women (P = NS). CONCLUSION: This series demonstrated no difference in outcome among patients undergoing combined eversion CEA/CABG procedures on the basis of gender. Although the results demonstrate a significantly higher mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing combined procedures when compared to carotid surgery alone, the combined procedures can be performed safely in both genders. The large number of asymptomatic patients in both the combined and solo procedures may have positively influenced these results.