Clonorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma: etiologic relationship and imaging diagnosis

Despite a gradual decrease in prevalence, clonorchiasis is still prevalent in East Asia. A large and compelling body of evidence links clonorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma, although the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. Clonorchiasis induces biliary epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia, and this could facilitate at least one stage of the carcinogenesis, which is promoting effect. In areas of endemic infection, more clonorchiasis cases are now diagnosed incidentally during radiological examinations such as cholangiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography. Radiological findings are regarded as pathognomonic for clonorchiasis since they reflect the unique pathological changes of this disorder. These radiological examinations currently play important roles in the diagnosis, staging, and decision-making process involved in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. The morphological features and radiological findings of clonorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma are essentially combinations of the findings for the two diseases. The morphological features of clonorchiasis- associated cholangiocarcinoma, observed in radiological examinations, do not differ from those of the usual cholangiocarcinoma. In patients diagnosed with or suspected to have clonorchiasis, radiological findings should be carefully scrutinized for occult cholangiocarcinoma.     

Systemic oxidative and antioxidative status in Chinese patients with asthma

BACKGROUND: Patients with asthma generate an increased amount of reactive oxygen species from peripheral blood cells. Reactive oxygen species produce many of the pathophysiologic changes associated with asthma and may contribute to its pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: We investigated changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidized glutathione (glutathione disulfide; GSSG) levels in erythrocytes from a group of healthy control Chinese subjects (n=135) and patients with asthma (n=106). METHODS: Baseline pulmonary function was measured for all subjects. Antioxidant status was evaluated by measuring erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Oxidative stress was also measured in terms of GSSG in erythrocytes with a kinetic microassay. RESULTS: Patients with asthma had significantly increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and catalase activities compared with controls (61.10 +/- 1.30 U/g hemoglobin [Hb] vs 55.51 +/- 1.82 U/g Hb [P=.018] and 0.0637 +/- 0.0021 U/g Hb vs 0.0257 +/- 0.0120 U/g Hb [P <.001] for the asthma and control groups, respectively). Conversely, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity decreased (44.21 +/- 1.33 mU/g Hb vs 50.07 +/- 1.39 mU/g Hb for the asthma and control groups, respectively; P=.003). Patients with asthma also had significantly higher GSSG levels in erythrocyte hemolysates compared with controls (167.40 +/- 2.93 micromol/L vs 44.98 +/- 0.44 micromol/L for the asthma and control groups, respectively; P <.001), indicating increased oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma is accompanied by an alteration in systemic antioxidant status due to possible oxidative stress in this disease.     

Age-dependent and iron-independent expression of two mRNA isoforms of divalent metal transporter 1 in rat brain

The DMT1(Nramp2/DCT1) is a newly discovered proton-coupled metal-ion transport protein. The cellular localization and functional characterization of DMT1 suggest that it might play a role in physiological iron transport in the brain. In the study, we evaluated effects of dietary iron and age on iron content and DMT1 expression in four brain regions: cortex, hippocampus, striatum, substantia nigra. Total iron content in all regions was significantly lower in the low-iron diet rats and higher in the high-iron diet rats than that in the control animals, showing that dietary iron treatment for 6-weeks can alter brain iron levels. Contrary to our expectation, there was no significant alternation in DMT1(+IRE) and (-IRE) mRNA expression and protein content in all brain regions examined in spite of the existence of the altered iron levels in these regions after 6-weeks' diet treatment although TfR mRNA expression and protein level were affected significantly, as was expected. The data demonstrates that expression of DMT1(+IRE) and (-IRE) was not regulated by iron in these regions of adult rats. The lack of response of DMT1 to iron status in the brain suggests that the IRE of brain DMT1 mRNA might be not really iron-responsive and that DMT1-mediated iron transport might be not the rate-limiting step in brain iron uptake in adult rats. Our findings also showed that development can significantly affect brain iron and DMT1(+IRE) and (-IRE) expression but the effect varies in different brain regions, indicating a regionally specific regulation in the brain.     

Effects of behavior modification on body image, depression and body fat in obese Korean elementary school children

This study was performed to investigate the effects of behavior modification on body image, depression and body fat in obese elementary school children. Sixty-two elementary students of the 4th to 6th grade were selected from two different Seoul schools. Thirty-four children in one school were designated as the experimental group, and 28 children from the other school as the control group. The experimental group received 60 - 70 minutes of behavior modification, once a week, for 8 weeks. The control group received neither management nor treatment. The results indicated a significant improvement of body image and a reduction in the increase rate of body fat for the experimental group. This finding strongly supports the theory that behavior modification can be used as an effective strategy in the treatment of obese children.     

High selectivity of the i f channel to Na+ and K+ in rabbit isolated sinoatrial node cells

The ionic selectivity of the hyperpolarizationactivated inward current (i _f) channel to monovalent cations was investigated in single isolated sinoatrial node cells of the rabbit using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. With a 140 mM K⁺ pipette, replacement of 90% external Na⁺ by Li⁺ caused a –24.5 mV shift of the fully activated current/voltage I/V curve without a significant decrease of the slope conductance. With a 140 mM Cs⁺ pipette, the i _f current decreased almost proportionally to the decrease in external [Na⁺]_o as Li⁺ was substituted. These responses are practically the same as those observed with N-methyl glucamine (NMG⁺) substitution, suggesting that the relative permeability of Li⁺ compared with Na⁺ for the i _f channel is as low as that of NMG⁺. When Cs⁺ or Rb⁺ was substituted for internal K⁺, the fully activated I/V relationship for i _f showed strong inward rectification with a positive reversal potential, indicating low permeability of the i _f channel for Cs⁺ and Rb⁺. These results show that the i _f channel is highly selective for Na⁺ and K⁺ and will not pass the similar ions Li⁺ and Rb⁺. Such a high degree of selectivity is unique and may imply that the structure of the i _f channel differs greatly from that of other Na⁺ and K⁺ conducting channels.     

Evaluation of the common conditions associated with eosinophilia.

In an eosinophilic population of 47 boys of the same age, a large proportion (92%) were helminth infested or atopic, or both, compared with 36% of 36 controls. The methods used to detect these conditions were not costly or elaborate, except for the radioallergosorbent test, which was used to measure concentrations of circulating IgE antibodies to atopic allergens. It is suggested that an economical approach to detect helminthiasis and atopy in cases of eosinophilia is adopted using the methods employed here, with skin prick tests replacing the radioallergosorbent test.     

Ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility loci defined by genome-search meta-analysis

In genome scans of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), with the exception of the HLA loci, linkage has not been easy to replicate across studies. We applied the genome-search meta-analysis (GSMA) method to genome scans of AS and spondyloarthropathy (SpA) to assess evidence for linkage across studies. Three AS genome scans and one SpA scan including 430 families with 1,048 affected individuals were used. All four original genome scans mainly analyzed Caucasian families. Seven bins had both Psumrnk and Pord<0.05, suggesting these bins most likely contain AS-linked loci; bin 6.2, 6.1, 6.3, 16.3, 19.2, 17.1, and 16.4. The GSMA produced significant genome-wide evidence for linkage on chromosome 6p22.3–6p21.1 (Psumrnk=0.000003), including the HLA locus. In addition to the HLA-B27 locus, strong linkage evidence was found on chromosome 6p25.3–6p22.3 (Psumrnk=0.0013) and 6p21.1–6p15 (Psumrnk=0.043). In the GSMA of four genome scans including one SpA study, the bin 9.4 (9q21.32–9q33.1) was newly found for linkage (Psumrnk=0.043, Pord=0.013). This GSMA added the evidence of the HLA loci as the greatest susceptibility factor to AS and showed evidences of chromosome 6, 16q, 19, 17p, and 9q as non-HLA susceptibility loci.     

Value of serum and follicular fluid cytokine profile in the prediction of moderate to severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

The aim of this study was to examine the role of serum and follicular fluid pro-inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the prediction of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). A total of 156 consecutive women undergoing in-vitro fertilization were recruited. The study group comprised 12 women who subsequently developed moderate (n = 7) or severe (n = 5) OHSS. The two control groups were comprised of a randomized selection of 12 high-risk and 12 low-risk women in whom OHSS did not develop. Serum was collected on days of human chorionic gonadotrophin, oocyte retrieval, and embryo transfer. Serum and follicular fluid concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and VEGF were measured. Follicular fluid IL-6 concentrations at the time of oocyte retrieval and serum IL-8 concentrations at the time of embryo transfer were significantly higher in the OHSS compared to the two control groups (P = 0.026 and P = 0.017 respectively). Serum concentrations of TNF-alpha and VEGF showed no statistically significant difference between the OHSS group and the controls at any studied time point. This study suggests that follicular fluid IL-6 concentrations at the time of oocyte retrieval and serum IL-8 concentrations on the day of embryo transfer may serve as early predictors for this syndrome.     

Genome macrorestriction analysis of sequential Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from bronchiectasis patients without cystic fibrosis.

The respiratory tracts of bronchiectasis patients may be persistently colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, despite intensive chemotherapy. The organism may undergo phenotypic changes in these patients, providing misleading typing results by conventional methods. We prospectively studied eight bronchiectasis patients without cystic fibrosis over a period of 1 year. A high microbial load of P. aeruginosa was found in 70% of sputum samples collected. Of these, 55 sequential P. aeruginosa isolates were characterized by a genotyping method, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, to overcome the problem of differentiating the P. aeruginosa strains during chemotherapy. Genome macrorestriction fingerprinting patterns were analyzed after digestion with XbaI restriction endonuclease. Of the eight patients, six harbored a single dominant strain of P. aeruginosa, with an intrapatient macrorestriction similarity pattern range of 96 to 100%. The other two patients were infected with mixed bacterial isolates including P. aeruginosa. However, diversity was observed in the P. aeruginosa isolates from all eight patients, with a relatedness of only 55 to 65%. The study further strengthens the fact that pulsed-field gel electrophoresis can be used efficiently and effectively to differentiate P. aeruginosa strains in bronchiectasis patients without cystic fibrosis.     

p53-Regulated Apoptosis Is Differentiation Dependent in Ultraviolet B-Irradiated Mouse Keratinocytes

Previous studies from our laboratory, using p53 transgenic mice, have suggested that ultraviolet (UV) light-induced keratinocyte apoptosis in the skin is not affected by overexpression of mutant p53 protein. To further elucidate a possible role for p53 in UV-induced keratinocyte cell death, we now examine apoptosis in skin and isolated keratinocytes from p53 null (−/−) mice and assess the influence of cell differentiation on this process. In vivo, using this knockout model, epidermal keratinocytes in p53−/− mice exhibited only a 5.2-fold increase in apoptosis after 2000 J/m² UVB irradiation compared with a 26.3-fold increase in normal control animals. If this p53-dependent apoptosis is important in elimination of precancerous, UV-damaged keratinocytes, then it should be active in the undifferentiated cells of the epidermal basal layer. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of differentiation on UV-induced apoptosis in primary cultures of murine and human keratinocytes. Apoptosis was p53-independent in undifferentiated murine keratinocytes, which exhibited relative resistance to UVB-induced killing with only a 1.5-fold increase in apoptosis in p53+/+ cells and a 1.4-fold increase in p53−/− cells. Differentiated keratinocytes, in contrast, showed a 9.4-fold UVB induction of apoptosis in p53+/+ cells, almost three times the induction observed in p53−/− cells. This UV-induced difference in apoptosis was observed when keratinocytes were cultured on type IV collagen substrate, but not on plastic alone. Western blotting of UV-irradiated, differentiated keratinocytes did not support a role for either Bax or Bcl-2 in this process. In support of these findings in mice, cell death in human cultured keratinocytes also occurred in a differentiation-associated fashion. We conclude that p53-induced apoptosis eliminates damaged keratinocytes in the differentiated cell compartment, but this mechanism is not active in the basal, undifferentiated cells and is therefore of questionable significance in protection against skin cancer induction.