Host striatal projections into fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue grafted to the striatum of immature or adult rat

We have previously reported that few striatal axons from adult host brain innervate intrastriatal grafts of fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue. To see whether the immature rat brain would favor striatal innervation of the graft, unilateral implantation of fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue was carried out at 7 (P7), 14 (P14), or 60 (adults) days of age in neonatally dopamine- (DA)-lesioned and nonlesioned rats. Immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and/or dopamine- and adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein-32 (DARPP-32) was performed 2–6 months later. In the great majority of immature and in all adult recipients, the resulting graft consisted of a distinct intrastriatal mass of tissue surrounded by the host parenchyma. Most TH-immunopositive neurons were found within the confines of such grafts, although some were lying at short distances into the host striatal tissue, particularly in immature recipients. In a few immature recipients, there was, however, extensive intermingling of TH-positive neurons with the adjacent host brain tissue. In all recipients grafted at P7, P14, or as adults, the distinct, intra-parenchymal grafts contained moderate numbers of DARPP-32-positive processes, mainly at their periphery. These results indicate that the limited capacity of host striatal neurons to grow axons into transplanted fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue is not markedly different in young versus adult rats. A better integration of the ventral mesencephalic graft into the striatal circuitry of immature — as opposed to adult — recipients should therefore rely more on the higher tendency of DA neurons to become located into the host tissue following transplantation in young rats.     

Inhibitory and neutral antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum MSP119 form ring structures with their antigen

Blood-stage malaria vaccine candidates include surface proteins of the merozoite. Antibodies to these proteins may either block essential steps during invasion or render the merozoite susceptible to phagocytosis or complement-mediated degradation. Structural information on merozoite surface proteins complexed to antibodies provides crucial information for knowledge-based vaccine design. The major merozoite surface protein MSP1 is an abundant surface molecule in Plasmodium falciparum. Only a subset of antibodies against MSP119 inhibits invasion (inhibitory antibodies), whereas other antibodies binding to MSP119 have no effect on invasion (neutral antibodies). Here we report on the complex of MSP119 with both inhibitory monoclonal antibody 12.10 and neutral monoclonal antibody 2F10. The complexes were established using both whole IgG's and Fab fragments, and analysed by dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy and analytical ultra centrifugation. Specific ring structures were formed in the ternary complex with the two antibodies, providing direct evidence of non-overlapping epitopes on MSP119. Mutational studies also indicated that the epitopes of the inhibitory and neutral antibodies are spatially remote.     

Shear stress induced membrane currents and calcium transients in human vascular endothelial cells

We have measured membrane currents induced by shear stress together with intracellular calcium signals in endothelial cells from human umbilical cord veins. In the presence of extracellular calcium (Ca²⁺]_o), shear stress induced an inward current at a holding potential of 0 mV which is accompanied by a rise in intracellular Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]_i). In the absence of extracellular calcium shear stress was unable to evoke a calcium signal but still induced a membrane current. The voltage dependence of the shear stress induced current was obtained from difference currents evoked by linear voltage ramps before and during application of shear stress. Its reversal potential E_rev shifted from –2.3±0.8 mV (n=4) in a nominally Ca²⁺ free solution to +1.5±1.6 mV at 1.5 mM [Ca²⁺]_o (n=4) and to +21.9±4.4 mV (n=7) at 10 mM [Ca²⁺]_o. From our data we conclude that shear stress opens an ion channel that is 12.5±2.9 (n=7) times more permeable for calcium than for sodium or cesium.     

Structure of four amplified DNA novel joints

The structures of four novel joints present in the amplified DNA of a Syrian hamster cell line highly resistant to N-(phosphonacetyl)-l-aspartate were analyzed. Novel joints J1, J2, and J4 were formed by recombination between two regions of wild-type DNA, whereas joint J3 is the end point of an inverted duplication. A fraction of the J3 copies displays a cruciform structure in the purified genomic DNA. The formation of J1 and J2 apparently involved a simple breakage and joining of the two wild-type sequences, whereas extra nucleotides are present at the junction point of J3 and J4. The two regions of the wild-type DNA which have recombined to form J1, J2, and J4 show few sequence similarities, indicating that these joints probably resulted from nonhomologous recombination. AT-rich regions are present in the vicinity of the breakpoint for the four joints and eight of 10 crossover points could be associated with putative topoisomerase I cleavage sites. Our results indicate that different types of novel joints are present in the amplified DNA of this cell line, which was isolated after several steps of selection.     

Small Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels Formed by the Expression of Rat SK1 and SK2 Genes in HEK 293 Cells

The rat SK1 gene ( rSK1 ) does not form functional Ca²⁺-activated potassium channels when expressed alone in mammalian cell lines. Using a selective antibody to the rSK1 subunit and a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) tag we have discovered that rSK1 expression produces protein that remains largely at intracellular locations. We tested the idea that rSK1 may need an expression partner, rSK2, in order to form functional channels. When rSK1 was co-expressed with rSK2 in HEK 293 cells it increased the current magnitude by 77 ± 34 % (as compared with cells expressing rSK2 alone). Co-expression of rSK1 with rSK2 also changed the channel pharmacology. The sensitivity of SK current to block by apamin was reduced ~16-fold from an IC₅₀ of 94 p m (for SK2 alone) to 1.4 n m (for SK2 and SK1 together). The sensitivity to block by UCL 1848 (a potent small molecule blocker of SK channels) was similarly reduced, ~26-fold, from an IC₅₀ of 110 p m to 2.9 n m . These data clearly demonstrate that rSK1 and rSK2 subunits interact. The most likely explanation for this is that the subunits are able to form heteromeric assemblies.     

Repeat sizes at CAG/CTG loci CTG18.1, ERDA1 and TGC13-7a in schizophrenia

A number of studies using the repeat expansion detection (RED) technique have suggested an association between unknown large CAG/CTG repeats and schizophrenia. The polymorphic CAG/CTG repeat loci CTG18.1 and ERDA1 have been reported to account for a high proportion (approximately 90%) of the large repeats detected by RED and may therefore be responsible for the cited association. The recently described locus TGC13-7a contains a highly polymorphic CTA/TAG and CAG/CTG composite repeat, and is thus another authentic candidate. In the present investigation, each locus was analysed for association with schizophrenia in a sample of 206 patients and 219 group-matched controls. No evidence for association of CTG18.1, ERDA1 and/or TGC13-7a with schizophrenia was found. The combined data accounted for only 54% of the CAG/CTG arrays of > 40 repeats found in our previous RED analysis.     

Detection of Cattle Naturally Infected with Anaplasma marginale in a Region of Endemicity by Nested PCR and a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Recombinant Major Surface Protein 5

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant major surface protein 5 (rMSP5-cELISA) of Anaplasma marginale was validated in a naturally infected cattle herd in an area of eastern Oregon where A. marginale is endemic. The true positive and negative A. marginale infection status of 235 randomly selected cattle was determined by using a nested PCR (nPCR) coupled with msp5 sequence analysis and hybridization. Judgment of the reliability of the nPCR and hybridization for detection of persistent infections was based on three observations. First, the nPCR was able to detect as few as 30 infected erythrocytes per ml. Second, the nPCR was able to consistently detect low levels of rickettsemia in seven carrier cattle experimentally infected with A. marginale. Third, msp5 sequence analysis showed >95% identity among 30 nPCR amplicons from cattle naturally infected with field strains of A. marginale. The nPCR and hybridization identified 151 infected and 84 uninfected cattle among the 235 animals tested. With a cutoff point of 28%, the rMSP5-cELISA showed a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 95%. These results indicate that the rMSP5-cELISA can sensitively and specifically detect cattle with naturally acquired persistent A. marginale infections and suggest that it is an excellent assay for epidemiological studies, eradication programs, and regulation of international cattle movement.     

Purification and partial characterization of a 32-kilodalton sialic acid-specific lectin from Aspergillus fumigatus

Adherence of the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus to the extracellular matrix components is considered a crucial step in the establishment of the infection. Given the high carbohydrate content of these glycoproteins and the role of carbohydrate-protein interactions in numerous adherence processes, the presence of a lectin in A. fumigatus was investigated. Different fungal extracts obtained by sonication or grinding in liquid nitrogen from resting or swollen conidia, as well as from germ tubes and mycelium, were tested by hemagglutination assays using rabbit erythrocytes. A lectin activity was recovered in all the extracts tested. However, sonication of resting conidia resulted in the highest specific activity. Purification of the lectin was achieved by gel filtration followed by ion-exchange and hydrophobic-interaction chromatographies. Analysis of the purified lectin by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed an apparent molecular mass of 32 kDa, which is similar to that of the alkaline protease already identified from different strains of A. fumigatus. However, as evidenced by the use of an alkaline protease-deficient mutant, the two activities were supported by distinct proteins. In addition, hemagglutination inhibition experiments using different saccharides and glycoproteins demonstrated the specificity of the lectin for sialic acid residues. Together these results suggest that this lectin may contribute to the attachment of conidia to the extracellular matrix components through the recognition of the numerous terminal sialic acid residues of their carbohydrate chains.     

Inhibition of Migration of Mouse Macrophages by Tuberculin-Sensitive Mouse Lymphocytes and by Mouse Migration Inhibitory Factor

The guinea pig migration inhibition technique, an accepted in vitro correlate of delayed hypersensitivity, has been adapted to a murine system. Peritoneal exudate cells from CF-1 mice vaccinated with viable cells of the H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were inhibited in vitro by purified protein derivative (PPD) or whole H37Ra microorganisms. Peritoneal exudate cells from the inbred C57Bl/6 mice immunized with H37Ra cells also were inhibited in vitro by PPD or whole H37Ra microorganisms. Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was produced by splenic lymphocytes from the H37Ra-immunized C57Bl/6 mice when incubated with either antigen. Intravenous injection of PPD or viable H37Ra organisms into H37Ra mice resulted in MIF production in vitro by splenic lymphocytes without further antigenic stimulation. Peritoneal exudate cells from nonimmunized C57Bl/6 mice and supernatant fluids from cultures of lymphocytes from nonimmunized C57Bl/6 mice were not inhibited in the presence of antigen. The production of MIF by splenic lymphocytes from immunized C57Bl/6 mice depended upon the conditions under which the lymphocytes were cultured, the time of exposure to antigen (3 days), the use of a higher concentration of PPD for stimulation of lymphocytes than that required for guinea pig cells, and also the use of cells from a highly inbred mouse strain.