全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1712篇 |
免费 | 81篇 |
国内免费 | 8篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 8篇 |
儿科学 | 28篇 |
妇产科学 | 33篇 |
基础医学 | 318篇 |
口腔科学 | 12篇 |
临床医学 | 152篇 |
内科学 | 255篇 |
皮肤病学 | 26篇 |
神经病学 | 148篇 |
特种医学 | 110篇 |
外科学 | 278篇 |
综合类 | 20篇 |
一般理论 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 149篇 |
眼科学 | 30篇 |
药学 | 155篇 |
肿瘤学 | 78篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 11篇 |
2021年 | 13篇 |
2020年 | 13篇 |
2019年 | 26篇 |
2018年 | 20篇 |
2017年 | 13篇 |
2016年 | 19篇 |
2015年 | 34篇 |
2014年 | 36篇 |
2013年 | 52篇 |
2012年 | 74篇 |
2011年 | 123篇 |
2010年 | 63篇 |
2009年 | 52篇 |
2008年 | 85篇 |
2007年 | 96篇 |
2006年 | 103篇 |
2005年 | 97篇 |
2004年 | 89篇 |
2003年 | 89篇 |
2002年 | 79篇 |
2001年 | 30篇 |
2000年 | 27篇 |
1999年 | 31篇 |
1998年 | 27篇 |
1997年 | 25篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 19篇 |
1994年 | 13篇 |
1993年 | 23篇 |
1992年 | 18篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1979年 | 18篇 |
1978年 | 15篇 |
1977年 | 20篇 |
1976年 | 16篇 |
1974年 | 11篇 |
1973年 | 14篇 |
1972年 | 14篇 |
1970年 | 10篇 |
1966年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有1801条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Mark Lenz Stephan Marcel Perren Robert Geoff Richards Thomas Mückley Gunther Olaf Hofmann Boyko Gueorguiev Markus Windolf 《International orthopaedics》2013,37(1):125-130
Purpose
Cerclage technology is regaining interest due to the increasing number of periprosthetic fractures. Different wiring techniques have been formerly proposed and have hibernated over years. Hereby, they are compared to current cerclage technology.Methods
Seven groups (n = 6) of different cable cerclage (Ø1.7 mm, crimp closure) configurations (one single cerclage looped once around the shells, one single cerclage looped twice, two cerclages each looped once) and solid wire cerclages (Ø1.5 mm, twist closure) (same configurations as cable cerclages, and two braided wires, twisted around each other looped once) fixed two cortical half shells of human femoral shaft mounted on a testing jig. Sinusoidal cyclic loading with constantly increasing force (0.1 N/cycle) was applied starting at 50 N peak load. Cerclage pretension (P), load leading to onset of plastic deformation (D) and load at total failure (T) were identified. Statistical differences between the groups were detected by univariate ANOVA.Results
Double looped cables (P442N ± 129; D1334N ± 319; T2734N ± 330) performed significantly better (p < 0.05) than single looped cables (P292N ± 56; D646N ± 108; T1622N ± 171) and were comparable to two single cables (P392N ± 154; D1191N ± 334; T2675N ± 361). Double looped wires (P335N ± 49; D752N ± 119; T1359N ± 80) were significantly better (p < 0.05) than single looped wires (P181N ± 16; D343N ± 33; T606N ± 109) and performed similarly to single looped cables. Braided wires (P119N ± 26; D225N ± 55; T919N ± 197) exhibited early loss of pretension and plastic deformation.Conclusion
Double looped cerclages provided a better fixation stability compared to a single looped cerclage. Double looped wires were comparable to a single looped cable. The use of braided wires could not be recommended mechanically. 相似文献42.
Mark Lenz Boyko Gueorguiev Robert Geoff Richards Thomas Mückley Gunther Olaf Hofmann Dankward Höntzsch Markus Windolf 《International orthopaedics》2013,37(1):113-118
Purpose
Tibial nail interlocking screw failure often occurs during delayed fracture consolidation or at early weight bearing of nailed unstable fractures, in general when high implant stress could not be reduced by other means. Is there a biomechanical improvement in long-term performance of angle stable locking screws compared to conventional locking screws for distal locking of intramedullary tibial nails?Methods
Surrogate bones of human tibiae were cut in the distal third and distal locking of the 10 mm intramedullary tibial nail was performed with either two angle stable locking screws or two conventional locking screws in the mediolateral plane. Six specimens per group were mechanically tested under quasi-static and cyclic axial loading with constantly increasing force.Results
Angle stable locking screw constructs exhibited significantly higher stiffness values (7,809 N/mm ± 647, mean ± SD) than conventional locking screw constructs (6,614 N/mm ± 859, p = 0.025). Angle stable locking screw constructs provided a longer fatigue life, expressed in a significantly higher number of cycles to failure (187,200 ± 18,100) compared to conventional locking screw constructs (128,700 ± 7,000, p = 0.004).Conclusion
Fatigue performance of locking screws can be ameliorated by the use of angle stable locking screws, being especially important if the nail acts as load carrier and an improved stability during fracture healing is needed. 相似文献43.
44.
45.
46.
Therese Ericsson Antje Blank Cornelia von Hagens Michael Ashton Angela Äbelö 《European journal of clinical pharmacology》2014,70(12):1453-1463
Purpose
The purpose of this study were firstly to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of artesunate (ARS) and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in patients with metastatic breast cancer during long-term (>3 weeks) daily oral ARS administration and secondly to study the relationship between salivary and plasma concentrations of DHA.Methods
Drug concentration-time data from 23 patients, receiving oral ARS (100, 150, or 200 mg OD), was analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. A combined drug-metabolite population pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the plasma pharmacokinetics of ARS and DHA in plasma. Saliva drug concentrations were incorporated as being directly proportional to plasma concentrations.Results
A first-order absorption model for ARS linked to a combined two-compartment disposition model for ARS and one-compartment disposition model for DHA provided the best fit to the data. No covariates were identified that could explain between-subject variability. A time-dependent increase in apparent elimination clearance of DHA was observed. Salivary DHA concentrations were proportionally correlated with total DHA plasma concentrations, with an estimated slope factor of 0.116.Conclusions
Population pharmacokinetics of ARS and DHA in patients with breast cancer was well described by a combined drug-metabolite model without any covariates and with an increase in apparent elimination clearance of DHA over time. The estimated DHA saliva/plasma ratio was in good agreement with the reported DHA unbound fraction in human plasma. Saliva ARS concentrations correlated poorly with plasma concentrations. This suggests the use of saliva sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring of DHA. However, further studies are warranted to investigate the robustness of this approach. 相似文献47.
48.
Gunther Antonissen Mathias Devreese Filip Van Immerseel Siegrid De Baere Sabine Hessenberger An Martel Siska Croubels 《Toxins》2015,7(2):560-571
Both deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are common contaminants of feed. Fumonisins (FBs) in general have a very limited oral bioavailability in healthy animals. Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to DON impairs the intestinal barrier function and integrity, by affecting the intestinal surface area and function of the tight junctions. This might influence the oral bioavailability of FB1, and possibly lead to altered toxicity of this mycotoxin. A toxicokinetic study was performed with two groups of 6 broiler chickens, which were all administered an oral bolus of 2.5 mg FBs/kg BW after three-week exposure to either uncontaminated feed (group 1) or feed contaminated with 3.12 mg DON/kg feed (group 2). No significant differences in toxicokinetic parameters of FB1 could be demonstrated between the groups. Also, no increased or decreased body exposure to FB1 was observed, since the relative oral bioavailability of FB1 after chronic DON exposure was 92.2%. 相似文献
49.
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, ionomycin or ouabain, and raised extracellular magnesium induce proliferation of chicken heart mesenchymal cells. 下载免费PDF全文
S D Balk A Morisi H S Gunther 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》1984,81(20):6418-6421
Cultured chicken heart mesenchymal cells are proliferatively quiescent at low densities in medium containing plasma at 10%. Mitogenic hormones like epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factors cause these cells to proliferate very actively, as does infection with avian sarcoma viruses, erythroblastosis virus, or myelocytomatosis virus. We have found that the combination of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), ionomycin or ouabain, and raised extracellular magnesium, likewise, causes these cells to proliferate very actively. Although these agents have no significant effect when acting singly, the combination of PMA at 100 ng/ml and 0.5 microM ionomycin induces a 6-fold increase in cell number at 4 days, and the combination of PMA, ionomycin, and 5.6 mM magnesium induces 12-fold multiplication. Likewise, PMA plus 1 microM ouabain induces 3-fold multiplication, whereas the combination of PMA, ouabain, and magnesium induces 6-fold multiplication. The tumor promoter PMA, like diacylglycerol released by breakdown of plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol diphosphate, is known to activate the serine- and threonine-specific intracellular enzyme kinase C. The divalent cation ionophore ionomycin is known to carry calcium into cells down an electrochemical gradient, and the Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain appears to elevate intracellular calcium by means of a sodium-mediated exchange mechanism. Magnesium, like calcium, is known to enter cells passively down an electrochemical gradient and to be involved in the regulation of many key intracellular reactions. Our findings with PMA, ionotropes, and magnesium support a hypothesis that diacylglycerol-mediated activation of kinase C plus cellular divalent cation influx and/or mobilization, caused by the action of mitogenic hormones or the protein products of onc genes, are key events in the initiation of cell replication. 相似文献
50.
CpG-A and CpG-B oligonucleotides differentially enhance human peptide-specific primary and memory CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Rothenfusser S Hornung V Ayyoub M Britsch S Towarowski A Krug A Sarris A Lubenow N Speiser D Endres S Hartmann G 《Blood》2004,103(6):2162-2169
Two distinct types of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) have been identified that differ in their capacity to stimulate antigen-presenting cells: CpG-A induces high amounts of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and IFN-beta in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs), whereas CpG-B induces PDC maturation and is a potent activator of B cells but stimulates only small amounts of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. Here we examined the ability of these CpG ODNs to enhance peptide-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The frequency of influenza matrix-specific "memory" CD8+ T cells was increased by both types of CpG ODN, whereas the frequency of Melan-A specific "naive" CD8+ T cells increased on stimulation with CpG-B but not with CpG-A. The presence of PDCs in PBMCs was required for this CpG ODN-mediated effect. The expanded cells were cytotoxic and produced IFN- on peptide restimulation. Soluble factors induced by CpG-A but not CpG-B increased the granzyme-B content and cytotoxicity of established CD8+ T-cell clones, each of which was IFN-alpha/-beta dependent. In conclusion, CpG-B seems to be superior for priming CD8+ T-cell responses, and CpG-A selectively enhances memory CD8+ T-cell responses and induces cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate distinct functional properties of CpG-A and CpG-B with regard to CD8 T cells. 相似文献