Mentorship in urological laparoscopic surgery: lessons learned

OBJECTIVE

To review the results of our experience with a mentorship programme in laparoscopic nephrectomy, set up in 1999 by the British Association of Urological Surgeons Section of Endourology.

METHODS

Mentors were contacted in 2007 to submit data on the number of visits and the outcome, which included whether a urologist was able to establish an independent laparoscopic practice and sustain it.

RESULTS

Four urologists acting as mentors reported a total of 164 procedures carried out in the training of 39 urologists during 148 visits. There were no conversions to open surgery and only one major complication. Overall, 29 of 39 mentored consultants were able to establish an independent laparoscopic practice and 23 continue to do so. The number of visits was associated with initial success, although this was not statistically significant. Working in a large department was associated with being able to sustain a laparoscopic practice. More experienced consultants were less likely to have initial success, but were more likely to sustain a successful practice.

CONCLUSIONS

Mentorship for laparoscopic nephrectomy has been carried out safely thus far. Sustaining a laparoscopic practice requires a critical volume of cases. Future efforts should be focused on trainees rather than consultants.     

The natural history of bladder carcinoma in situ after initial response to bacillus Calmette-Gúerin immunotherapy

ObjectivesTo explore patterns of recurrence, muscle invasion, and disease specific mortality in patients with bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS) who responded to an induction course with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Gúerin (BCG) immunotherapy.MethodsBetween June 1985 and December 2003, 104 patients (mean age 67 years) were diagnosed with either pure (38 patients) or concomitant (66 patients) CIS. Patients who responded to one (92 patients) or two (12 patients) induction courses of intravesical BCG instillation were included in the study. Response was determined and monitored by routine periodic bladder biopsies. Outcome of patients and the effect of various prognostic parameters were assessed after a median follow-up of 75 months.ResultsThe 5- and 10-year recurrence-free survival rates were 63% and 54%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year muscle-invasive-free survival rates were 79% and 77%, and the 5- and 10-year disease-specific survival rates were 90.5 and 85.8%, respectively. Median time to recurrence, muscle invasion, and disease-specific mortality was 18, 19, and 40 months, respectively. Pure and concomitant CIS were associated with a similar outcome. The recurrence of nonmuscle-invasive tumor did not increase the risk for muscle invasion or mortality.ConclusionsPure and concomitant bladder CIS share similar biologic behavior. Muscle-invasive disease is expected in about 25% of the BCG responders followed for long time periods and disease-specific mortality in 15%. Tumor recurrence, whether nonmuscle-invasive or muscle-invasive, follows a similar time table suggesting that these are not sequential but parallel and independent processes.     

Effectiveness and safety of massage for athletic injuries: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Athletic injuries have been a major area of interest in the field of sports and clinical medicine. Implemented on people''s skin, muscles, and joints as an important part of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), massage therapy has a positive effect on athletic injuries. This protocol is to provide the methods used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of massage therapy for patients with athletic injuries.Methods:A systematic search will be performed in the following electronic databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of massage therapy in treating athletic injuries: PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE and four Chinese databases (CNKI, Wan Fang, CBMdisc and VIP). Each database will be searched from inception to July 2021. The entire process will include study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment and meta-analysis.Results:A high-quality synthesis of current evidence of massage therapy for patients with athletic injuries will be provided.Conclusions:This systematic review will provide evidence for assessing the credibility of massage therapy for patients with athletic injuries.Dissemination and ethics:The results of this review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication. This review does not require ethical approval because all the data used in this systematic review and meta-analysis have already been published. Furthermore, all of these data will be analyzed anonymously during the review process.INPLASY registration number:INPLASY202170066.     

合作性学习在医学免疫学教学中的应用

合作性学习是当今全球范围内的一种较新的教学思想与策略。根据医学免疫学学科特点,对抗原刺激机体后机体免疫系统不同成分参与免疫应答的复杂过程,采用合作性学习方法进行学习,最后以“话剧”表演方式汇报学习成果。这种方法可以激发学生学习兴趣和学习热情,提高学习成绩,培养学生间良好的合作关系和团队精神,促进全面发展。     

外伤性颅内血肿急性期血浆D-二聚体检测的临床价值

目的探讨外伤性颅内血肿急性期血浆D-二聚体(D-dimer)水平的动态变化与外伤性颅内血肿部位,治疗后转归的关系。方法采用透射免疫比浊法检测72例外伤性颅内血肿患者血浆D-dimer含量,并与62例高血压性脑出血患者和40例正常对照进行比较。结果外伤性颅内血肿患者血浆D-dimer致病后6 h、1周及2周血浆D-dimer水平显著升高,与高血压性脑出血患者组和正常对照组比较有显著牲差异(P<0.01),并以致病后6 h为最。同时,转归不良组血浆D-dimer水平显著升高,与转归良组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论外伤性颅内血肿急性期血浆D-dimer水平显著升高,揭示可能在该病急性期存在短暂的、纤溶活性增强的趋势。检测血浆D-dimer动态水平有助于判断抗纤溶治疗的效果及预测病情变化,并且血浆D-dimer水平的高低与出血部位、病人的转归密切相关。     

七氟烷与丙泊酚麻醉诱导喉罩置入条件的比较

目的比较七氟烷和丙泊酚麻醉诱导喉罩置入的条件。方法行眼科手术的患者60例。8~12岁。ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级。随机分为两组:七氟烷组(S组)和丙泊酚组(P组)。S组采用单次潮气量法诱导,吸入8%七氟烷,P组患者静注丙泊酚2.0 mg/kg,记录睫毛反射消失的时间,喉罩置入的时间和次数以及诱导时喉痉挛、呼吸抑制、咳嗽等不良反应的发生率。结果两组睫毛反射消失的时间无统计学差异,分别为S组(50.6±11.3)s,P组(47.8±7.1)s。S组喉罩置入较P组花费时间长(P<0.05),1次喉罩置入成功几率低,为76.5%。两组之间喉痉挛、咳嗽等不良反应无显著差异(P>0.05)。丙泊酚诱导呼吸抑制发生的几率要高于七氟烷组(P<0.05)。结论丙泊酚和七氟烷均可作为喉罩置入的诱导用药,安全性和有效性并无差异。丙泊酚发生呼吸抑制的几率较高而七氟烷喉罩置入的时间更长。     

从中医思维方式探讨中医学的发展

中医的特色主要体现在其独特的思维方式上,立足于中医学自身的思维规律,探讨了中医学未来的发展,指出中医学发展必须在保持传统思维特色的基础上,改革现有中医思维方式,建立现代中医思维体系。     

巴曲酶对犬颈总动脉人工血管旁路术后远端吻合口内膜增生的影响

目的 研究人工血管旁路术后远端吻合口局部内膜增生的形态学表现、部分炎症因子及生长因子的表达及药物巴曲酶对其的影响.方法 建立12只犬左颈总动脉膨体聚四氟乙烯(eVrrE)人工血管旁路移植模型,随机分为巴曲酶组和对照组,28 d后吻合口局部取材,应用HE、Masson染色、免疫组化(IHC)、逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)、免疫印迹(Western Blot)等实验方法 观察吻合口内膜厚度、胞外基质(ECM)相对含量、新生内膜平滑肌细胞增殖率及单核细胞趋化蛋白.1(MCP-1)、血小板源牛长因子B(PDGF-B)mRNA和蛋白表达,并用半定量方法 比较两组间的差异.结果 术后28d,远端吻合口均已形成有内皮细胞(EC)覆盖的新生内膜,且均表达MCP-1及PDGF.B.实验组与对照组相比,其吻合口新生内膜厚度明显减少[(381.3±144.7)μm对(213.8±29.0)μm,P=0.036],胞外基质相对含量明显降低(P=0.006),MCP-1表达量明显下降(RT-PCR P=0.025,Western Blot P=0.016),而PDGF-B表达量差异无统计学意义(RT-PCR P=0.055,WesternBlot P=0.337),平滑肌细胞增殖率无明显差异(P=0.109).结论 巴曲酶可抑制人工血管旁路术后早期吻合口新生内膜胞外基质的沉积和MCP-1的表达,抑制新生内膜厚度,为提高人工血管移植远期通畅率提供新的临床应用及研究思路.     

草木犀正丁醇提取物对小鼠巨噬细胞促炎介质的影响

目的 研究草木犀正丁醇提取物在体外的抗炎作用.方法 通过LPS干预RAW264.7细胞系建立炎症细胞模型,使用1、5和10 mg/L 3种浓度的草木犀正丁醇提取物对其进行干预.ELISA法检测药物干预前后上清液中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的分泌量,Griess反应测定NO水平;实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测TNF-α、iNOS和COX-2的mRNA表达;Western blot法检测COX-2的蛋白表达水平. 结果 草木犀正丁醇提取物干预后,上清中TNF-α、IL-1 β、IL-6和NO含量与模型组相比均显著降低(P<0.01),并存在剂量依赖关系;干预后细胞TNF-α,iNOS和COX-2的mRNA表达水平显著降低(P<0.01),也存在剂量依赖关系;草木犀正丁醇提取物及DM干预后COX-2蛋白水平明显降低(P<0.01).结论 草木犀正丁醇提取物可以下调TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、NO和COX-2等炎症介质的表达,该药物体外抗炎作用可能通过抑制这些炎症介质而产生.