Evaluation of non-invasive blood pressure measurement by the Finapres method at rest and during dynamic exercise in subjects with cardiovascular insufficiency

The accuracy and precision of the Finapres in recording rest and exercise blood pressure compared with the intra-arterial (aortic and brachial) and random-zero sphygmomanometer methods was assessed in 84 ischaemic patients in three different studies. Firstly, comparison at rest with the aortic intraarterial pressure in 50 ischaemic patients demonstrated that the Finapres systolic (136.5 ± 21.1 vs. 129.3 ± 19.0 mmHg;p < 0.001) and mean (92.4 ± 13.4 vs. 90.7 ± 11.4 mmHg;p < 0.001) arterial pressures were higher and diastolic pressures lower (70.4 ± 11.5 vs. 71.5 ± 9.8 mmHg;p < 0.001). The reproducibility of the Finapres and invasive method was similar for systolic (4.6% vs. 4.0%), diastolic (2.8% vs. 2.7%) and mean (3.3% vs. 3.0%) blood pressures. Second, in seven subjects studied twice at rest and during 4 min supine bicycle exercise, the exercise increase in blood pressure was greater on the Finapres compared with the brachial intra-arterial pressure (systolic +10.2 ± 6.3 vs. +3.6 ± 9.8 mmHg; diastolic +9.6 ± 11.1 vs. +0.2 ± 2.1 mmHg;p = 0.02 for each); however, at steady-state the peak/trough differences in pressure between the methods were similar. Thirdly, compared under rest conditions, to random zero sphygmomanometer (RZO), the Finapres systolic pressure was higher (6.8 ± 3.5 mmHg) and diastolic pressure lower (–6.0 ± 1.9 mmHg). During upright bicycle exercise, the difference between the Finapres and RZO in systolic blood pressure increased at each level of exercise (+14.3 ± 4.2, +17.9 ± 4.0 and +22.2 ± 4.1 mmHg respectively at each exercise stage:p < 0.01). For RZO, diastolic blood pressure fell as exercise workload increased whereas Finapres diastolic blood pressure increased on exercise (3.1 ± 2.6, 7.0 ± 2.1 and 8.1 ± 2.0 mmHg respectively:p < 0.01). Thus there were systematic differences between the values recorded by the Finapres and proximal blood pressure methods and limited agreement in the rest to exercise increments related to light exercise. Calibration of the Finapres values in terms of the other methods is limited by the variable relationship to these related changes in arterial distensibility.     

Red blood cell methotrexate and folate levels in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing therapy: a Pediatric Oncology Group pilot study

Summary We enrolled children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in a Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) pilot study to monitor erythrocyte (RBC) methotrexate (MTX) and folate (F) levels before and during treatment. The mean value for RBCF at diagnosis was 0.86±0.46 nmol/ml RBC in the 214 patients who achieved remission and 1.21±0.74 nmol/ml RBC in the 10 patients who did not (P=0.020). Folate levels tended to increase during remission induction, but they dropped following an intensive consolidation with methotrexate to levels that were sustained throughout chemotherapy treatment. Methotrexate levels reached mean values of approximately 0.15 nmol/ml RBC at the end of an intensive methotrexate consolidation, then fell to levels that were sustained throughout maintenance therapy. There was a weak correlation between improved event-free survival and higher RBCMTX levels after consolidation, but no correlation was found between improved survival and the level of RBCMTX or RBCF during maintenance therapy. A larger study with more complete data is needed to determine whether RBCMTX or RBCF might be useful in predicting event-free survival in patients with ALL.This work was supported in part by grants from the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Health (CA-30969, CA-28476, CA29139, CA-159-89, and CA-33587)     

Involvement of Cerulospinal Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in Fentanyl-induced Muscular Rigidity in the Rat

Background: Investigators in the authors' laboratory previously established the critical participation of the cerulospinal noradrenergic pathway in muscular rigidity elicited by fentanyl. The identification of colocalization of glutamate with tyrosine hydroxylase in most locus ceruleus neurons suggests a role for cerulospinal glutamatergic neurotransmission in fentanyl-induced muscular rigidity. This suggestion and the subtype(s) of glutamate receptors involved were investigated here.

Methods: Electromyographic signals activated by bilateral microinjection of 2.5 micro gram fentanyl into the locus ceruleus were recorded differentially from the left sacrococcygeus dorsi lateralis muscle of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect of intrathecal administration at the lower lumbar spinal cord of various N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor antagonists or agonists on this index of muscular rigidity was studied. Rats were under mechanical ventilation, and intravenous infusion of ketamine (30 mg [center dot] kg sup -1 [center dot] h sup -1) was maintained until 10 min before fentanyl was administered.

Results: Microinjection of fentanyl bilaterally into the locus ceruleus increased the root mean square and decreased the mean power frequency values of electromyographic signals. The efficacy of fentanyl to elicit muscular rigidity in this manner was significantly reduced by previous intrathecal administration of either 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801), D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5), or (+/- (CPP). Intrathecal administration of kainic acid or NMDA also resulted in significant electromyographic activation.     

A prospective treatment study of premenstrual symptoms using a triphasic oral contraceptive.

Eighty-two women with complaints of moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms were recruited for a double-blind, controlled trial of a triphasic oral contraceptive (o.c.). Subjects made daily ratings of symptoms for at least one baseline cycle and were then randomly assigned to receive either placebo or o.c. for three months. Twenty-three women dropped out of the study (18 o.c., 5 placebo), 13 failed to show prospective confirmation of moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms, and one placebo subject had an anovulatory cycle. Forty-five women with prospectively-confirmed premenstrual changes (20 o.c., 25 placebo) completed the study. Premenstrual breast pain and bloating were significantly reduced with active treatment compared to placebo (p less than 0.03) but there were no beneficial effects of the o.c. over placebo for any of the mood symptoms. Women who received o.c.s reported decreased sexual interest after starting treatment and this effect was independent of any adverse influence on mood.     

In vitro evaluation of an implantable left ventricular assist device

The development of implantable left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) has almost reached the stage of providing permanent circulatory support in patients who are unsuitable for, or denied, the transplant option. As part of our ongoing haemodynamic evaluation of the Thermo Cardiosystems Inc. (Boston, USA) Mark 14 pneumatic LVAD, pressure-volume loops have been produced from in vitro studies using a modified National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI, USA) mock circulatory loop. These studies have demonstrated that during certain phases of the pump cycle non-physiologically high and low pressures are generated within the LVAD. Such abnormal pressures may damage either the bioprosthetic valves in the LVAD or the native heart, and may have adverse effects on cardiovascular control mechanisms.     

Fetal haemoglobin and pregnancy in homozygous sickle cell disease

The pregnancy related changes in fetal haemoglobin (HbF) have been observed in 152 pregnancies in 125 women with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease and related to steady state levels in the same individual. Statistically significant increases in the first and second trimesters, were followed by significant falls below steady state levels in the third trimester and postpartum period. Although these corresponded to a mean increase of 0.7% and a mean decrease of 1.6%, much greater changes occurred in some individuals. Mean levels had not returned to steady state values 1 year after delivery. The hormonal changes in pregnancy appear to have profound effects on HbF level in SS disease, the mechanisms of which require further study.     

Social and reproductive characteristics of the first 100 couples treated by in vitro fertilisation programme at National Women's Hospital, Auckland

Reproductive and social histories of the first 100 patients attending the in vitro fertilisation (IVF) programme at National Women's Hospital, Auckland, have been studied. The average age at first treatment was 31.6 (SD 3.9) for women, and 34.2 (4.6) for men. The couples had been married 7.6 (3.3) years and had experienced 6.7 (3.2) years infertility. It was a second marriage for 16. The husbands had on average a higher social classing than the population (class: number [population]--1:16 (7%), 2:18 (14%), 3:42 (28%), 4:19 (29%), 5:4 (14%), 6:1 (8%); but this bias diminished in the next 159 couples. Nine couples withdrew before their quota of cycles, 7 from stress. Tubal disease was the cause of infertility in 93, but in 69 its origin was untraceable. In 22 it could be attributed to pelvic inflammatory disease (eight associated with IUCDs and 2 with sexually transmitted disease) and in two to sterilisation. Although 59 women had a history of having conceived, only 34 were parous, and only 11 had a child of the current union.     

Use of steroids to suppress vascular response to radiation

A quantitative measure of the vascular permeability surface area product (PS) for albumin has been made using a double isotope technique. PS was significantly elevated in irradiated rat lung, heart, skin, and muscle, between 19 and 26 days following 18 or 25 Gray thorax irradiation. Administration of dexamethasone from 2 days before irradiation through the day of measurement suppressed the expected increase in PS in lung, heart, and muscle, but not in skin. Shorter periods of steroid administration were not as effective in suppressing this response to radiation exposure. Increased vascular permeability following radiation may be an essential element in the development of radiation fibrosis. We hypothesize that the ability to suppress this response could result in a long term reduction in the incidence of fibrosis.     

Use of a 2.0-mm locking plate/screw system for mandibular fracture surgery.

PURPOSE: In this study, we examined the use of a 2.0-mm locking bone plate/screw system in mandibular surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients who were treated with a 2.0-mm locking bone plate/screw system during an 8-month period for fractures of the mandible or other defects of the mandible were prospectively studied. Ease of use of locking plate/screw system, characteristics of the fractures and defects, and complications were tabulated. RESULTS: A total of 80 fractures in 59 patients were treated with the 2.0-mm locking plate/screw system. One hundred two 2.0-mm locking plates were applied to the 80 fractures; 58 fractures received 1 plate and 22 fractures received 2 plates. There were no intraoperative difficulties associated with their application. Fracture reductions were considered to be excellent in all cases. At the latest follow-up, all fractures had healed, but 2 patients had slight malocclusions. Six patients developed postsurgical infections. Only 1 patient required hospitalization for treatment of the infection; all others were managed in the outpatient clinic. Four patients required removal of their plates for varying reasons. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a 2.0-mm locking plate/screw system was found to be simple and to provide sound fixation in all cases.     

Obesity: A public health problem in Ireland?

We examined the prevalence of different categories of body weight in a random sample of men and women aged 35 to 64 years studied in 1985 in County Kilkenny, Ireland. The largest group was those classified as overweight — 51.1% of men and 44.7 % of women. There were 13.7 % of men and 19.2% of women in the obese category. The obese were older but the distribution by social class did not differ significantly from the non-obese. Obese women had significantly more children born alive and a higher prevalence of positive angina questionnaire than those who were not obese. Serum total cholesterol was higher in obese men and HDL cholesterol was lower in obese men and obese women. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in obese men and women but smoking status was similar. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, systolic blood pressure in men and diastolic in women remained significantly associated with obesity; there was an inverse association between obesity and HDL cholesterol in women and between obesity and HDL-cholesterol as a proportion of total cholesterol in men.