Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease subsequent to dural graft: persisting risk after 1987

The first case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) related to the use of a dura mater graft of cadaveric origin was identified in 1987 and this procedure is now considered as one of the main causes of iatrogenic CJD. Although the decontamination procedure for the preparation of graft material was modified, the product was withdrawn from the market in many countries a few years later and replaced by synthetic material. In this context, two patients treated in our institution developed CJD following a cadaveric dural graft performed after cerebral and lumbar trauma. Their clinical presentation, showing predominant cerebellar symptoms, late deterioration and myoclonic jerks, and a rapid disease course until death, was similar to that of previously reported cases involving the iatrogenic form. As the graft for one of the patients was performed in 1991 (several years after modification of the decontamination procedure), this fourth reported case suggests that the risk of iatrogenic CJD may have persisted in some patients treated after 1987, when grafts of cadaveric origin were totally abandoned.     

Characterization of digital dermatoglyphic features in Salazar Valley: comparison with other Basque valleys

Digital dermatoglyphics of a sample from the Basque Valley of Salazar, situated in the West of the Pyrenees, were analysed. The results showed bimanual differences in both sexes, and also sexual differences for both hands. The comparative study with other Basque valleys showed that, in spite of their supposed common origin, the geographic barriers and the isolation have generated a genetic/dermatoglyphic and linguistic differentiation.     

Platelet-rich plasma serotonin levels in tension-type headache and depression

We measured platelet-rich plasma (PRP) serotonin in patients suffering from tension-type headache, before and after treatment with amitriptyline, comparing them with a healthy control group and patients with untreated depression. We evaluated the severity of headache and depression in each group. PRP serotonin levels were higher in patients with headache than in controls and depressed patients. We observed a fall of PRP serotonin in patients with tension-type headache to similar levels after treatment as the depressed group. This fall was correlated with the improvement of headache but not with depression scales. Our data suggest that the rise of platelet serotonin levels in tension-type headache is related to pain and not depression.     

Characterization of hydrolysis of [leu]enkephalin and D-ala2-[L-leu]enkephalin in rat plasma

Based on differences in total metabolite accumulation in the presence or absence of selective peptidase inhibitors, rat plasma is found to have its own unique pattern of enkephalin hydrolysis. Approximately 85-90% of the hydrolysis of [leu]enkephalin is attributed to the combined action of aminopeptidase M and angiotensin converting enzyme, whereas "enkephalinase" and aminopeptidase MII activity against [leu]enkephalin are not detectable. Similarly, 80-90% of the hydrolysis of D-ala2-[L-leu] enkephalin (DALLE) is due to the combined action of aminopeptidase M and angiotensin converting enzyme, whereas aminopeptidase MII and enkephalinase activity against this substrate also could not be detected. This is in contrast to the high susceptibility to hydrolysis by enkephalinase, and the low susceptibility to aminopeptidase activity, for DALLE in brain tissue. Among other alternatives, it is suggested that enkephalin hydrolysis in plasma may appear to be unique because of differences in enzyme conformation and/or the availability of a substance(s) that competes with, or alters the binding of, [leu] enkephalin, DALLE or the inhibitors to the enzymes.     

Studies on the effects of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate on social encounters between pairs of male mice

An attempt was made in two experiments to reinvestigate the effects of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CA) on mouse social behavior in a variety of ethologically-assessed paired encounters. The data confirm that CA reduces offense (threat and attack) in animals when both subjects receive the material but that CA has no such action in other pairings. This suggests that CA's major suppressive effect on "hostility" is expressed in mice via a reduction in "attack-promoting" pheromone production. Indeed, there was evidence in the more chronic study that CA, could augment (via a central mechanism?) offense in subjects paired with docile anosmic opponents. Changes in defense were largely responses to variations in the degree of attack to which animals were subjected. The antihormone also had actions on other aspects of behavior including sexual activity, social investigation and immobility in such tests. CA had a potent suppressive action on the weights of sex accessory glands. The data do not suggest that CA can be used as a specific antihostility agent.     

Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake in cats: structure-activity characterization

Our experimental models in this study were cats fitted with gastric fistulae. Intravenous infusion of sulfated CCK 8 and nonsulfated Boc CCK 7 inhibited both sham-feeding and feeding in fasted cats. The threshold dose (1.2 pmol/kg.hr) required for inhibition of sham-feeding was identical to that required to inhibit feeding in the same animals. However, the gastric secretory studies indicated that this dose was 90 times lower than the threshold dose stimulating gastric acid secretion (109 pmol/kg.hr). In nonfasted animals, sulfated CCK 8 and nonsulfated Boc CCK 7 (219 and 875 pmol/kg.hr) are both capable of decreasing the food intake at different intervals following the infusion with no significant effect on daily food intake. Our findings clearly show that there is no difference in the sensitivity of CCK's ability to inhibit sham-feeding and feeding, suggesting that CCK's suppressive effect on food intake does not solely involve gastric distension mechanisms. In contrast to gastric acid secretion, the sulfate group is not a "restrictive" factor for peripherally-induced CCK satiety.