A reexamination of a childhood cancer stereotype

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether young adults have stereotypical beliefs toward children who have been treated for cancer. METHODS: Undergraduate participants read a vignette describing a child labeled either healthy (HL), in remission from cancer and no longer undergoing treatment (RCL), or in remission and still undergoing treatment (RCTL) and rated the child on the Ratings of the Child Questionnaire (ROCQ). Univariate and multivariate analyses of variance were conducted. RESULTS: Participants rated the HL child more positively than the RCL or RCTL child; the RCL and RCTL child ratings did not differ. Females evaluated the child more positively than did males. CONCLUSIONS: These results support previous findings of a childhood cancer stereotype. However, effect sizes were small, which may indicate a weak stereotype with these specific participants.     

Autoantibodies directed against the amino-terminal domain I of human calpastatin (ACAST-DI Ab) in connective tissue diseases. High levels of ACAST-DI Ab are associated with vasculitis in lupus

To identify new autoantibody populations in patients with rheumatic diseases, a cDNA expression library was immunoscreened with a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient's serum which contains autoantibodies binding to uncharacterized polypeptides by Western-blotting. One clone encoding the amino-terminal region (Nt) [domain L and half of domain I] of human calpastatin was selected. Different fragments of the selected cDNA were prepared and the corresponding recombinant polypeptides were produced by in vitro translation and analysed by Western blotting. Most RA sera bound to recombinant amino-terminal region and domain I but not to domain L. This prompted us to use a recombinant polypeptide corresponding to the domain I of calpastatin as the antigen in a solid-phase ELISA to test sera from patients with various systemic rheumatic diseases and healthy controls.Anti-calpastatin domain I antibodies (ACAST-DI Ab), were detected by ELISA in RA, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sj?gren's syndrome and control sera at respective frequencies of 10, 9, 0 and 1%. These Ab did not have prognostic value in early RA; high levels were significantly associated with vasculitis in SLE. Antibodies reacting with the calpastatin amino-terminal region are produced during systemic rheumatic diseases and are predominantly directed against domain I. High levels of these Ab may constitute a marker of vasculitis in SLE.     

Preservation of the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation in human neutrophil lysates. II. A sequential lysis protocol for the analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signalling

In stimulated neutrophils, the majority of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins are concentrated in Triton X-100 or NP-40 insoluble fractions. Most immunobiochemical studies, whose objective is to study the functional relevance of tyrosine phosphorylation are, however, performed using the supernatants of cells lysed in non-ionic detergent-containing buffers (RIPA lysis buffers). This observation prompted us to develop an alternative lysis protocol. We established a procedure involving the sequential lysis of neutrophils in buffers of increasing tonicities that not only preserved and solubilized tyrosine phosphorylated proteins but also retained their enzymatic activities. The sequential lysis of neutrophils in hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic buffers containing non-ionic detergents resulted in the solubilisation of a significant fraction of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. Furthermore, we observed that in monosodium urate crystals-stimulated neutrophils, Lyn activity was enhanced in the soluble fraction recovered from the hypertonic fraction, but not from that of the first hypotonic lysis. The distribution of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins between the NP-40 soluble and insoluble fractions was both substrate- and agonist-dependent. In neutrophils stimulated with fMet-Leu-Phe, MSU crystals or by CD32 ligation, the tyrosine phosphorylated proteins were mostly insoluble. On the other hand, in GM-CSF-treated cells, the phosphoproteins were more equally distributed between the two fractions. The results of this study provide a new experimental procedure for the investigation of tyrosine phosphorylation pathways in activated human neutrophils which may also be applicable to other cell types.     

Genetic and environmental factors in age-related nuclear cataracts in monozygotic and dizygotic twins

BACKGROUND: Age-related cataracts are a major public health problem. The relative importance of genes and environment in the causation of nuclear cataracts, the most common form of age-related cataracts, is not known. METHODS: We studied 506 pairs of female twins (226 monozygotic and 280 dizygotic) who were 50 to 79 years old (mean, 62). The amount of nuclear cataract in the right and left eyes was determined objectively by analysis of Scheimpflug lens photographs (yielding three measures) and subjectively with use of the Oxford Clinical Cataract Classification and Grading System (yielding one measure). All eight measures (four in each eye) were subsequently combined in one summary measure of nuclear cataract for each woman. A univariate maximum-likelihood model was used to estimate the variance of the genetic and environmental contributions to each of the measures. RESULTS: The different measures of cataract formation were highly correlated (correlation coefficients, 0.71 to 0.94). The mean scores were similar for the right and left eyes and for monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Quantitative genetic modeling of each of the nuclear-cataract scores invariably resulted in a best-fitting model that involved additive genetic effects, unique environmental effects, and age. The common environmental and dominant genetic effects could be removed from the models without significant loss of fit. The overall heritability in the combined nuclear-cataract score (the proportion of the variance explained by genetic factors) was 48 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 42 to 54 percent); age accounted for 38 percent of the variance (95 percent confidence interval, 31 to 44 percent) and unique environmental effects for 14 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 12 to 18 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Genetic effects are important even in such a clearly age-related disease as nuclear cataract, explaining almost 50 percent of the variation in the severity of this disease.     

Evolved mechanisms in depression: the role and interaction of attachment and social rank in depression

Evolved mechanisms underpinning attachment and social rank behavior may be the basis for some forms of major depression, especially those associated with chronic stress. We note the heterogeneity of depression, but suggest that some of its core symptoms, such as behavioral withdrawal, low self-esteem and anhedonia, may have evolved in order to regulate behavior and mood and convey sensitivity to threats and safety. Focusing on the evolved mental mechanisms for attachment and social rank helps to make sense of (1) depression's common early vulnerability factors (e.g., attachment disruptions, neglect and abuse), (2) the triggering events (e.g., loss of close relationships, being defeated and/or trapped in low socially rewarding or hostile environments), and (3) the psychological preoccupations of depressed people (e.g., sense of unlovableness, self as inferior and a failure). This focus offers clues as to how these two systems interact and on how to intervene.     

T cell stimulation in the absence of exogenous antigen: a T cell signal is induced by both MHC-dependent and -independent mechanisms

Mature T cells residing in peripheral lymphoid organs have frequent contact with antigen presenting cells (APC). Such contact may be required for T cell survival, but the degree to which signals in mature T cells are induced by TCR recognition of self peptide/MHC complexes is unclear. We have used induction of the early growth response gene 1 (Egr1) as an indicator of signal transduction in 3.L2 (I-Ek-restricted) T cells interacting with APC in the absence of exogenous antigen. The data show that Egr1 can be induced in 3.L2 T cells by TCR recognition of self peptides presented by I-Ek. However, a more transient induction of Egr1 can be induced in 3.L2 T cells interacting with dendritic cells derived from class II/beta2m double-deficient mice. Egr1 induction after T cell-APC contact was also observed in a freshly isolated polyclonal CD4 T cell population. The data suggest that self peptide/MHC recognition by the TCR induces a signal in T cells and that dendritic cells can also induce a more transient T cell signal by an MHC-independent mechanism.     

Upregulation of TGF-beta, FOXP3, and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells correlates with more rapid parasite growth in human malaria infection

Understanding the regulation of immune responses is central for control of autoimmune and infectious disease. In murine models of autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory disease, potent regulatory T lymphocytes have recently been characterized. Despite an explosion of interest in these cells, their relevance to human disease has been uncertain. In a longitudinal study of malaria sporozoite infection via the natural route, we provide evidence that regulatory T cells have modifying effects on blood-stage infection in vivo in humans. Cells with the characteristics of regulatory T cells are rapidly induced following blood-stage infection and are associated with a burst of TGF-beta production, decreased proinflammatory cytokine production, and decreased antigen-specific immune responses. Both the production of TGF-beta and the presence of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells are associated with higher rates of parasite growth in vivo. P. falciparum-mediated induction of regulatory T cells may represent a parasite-specific virulence factor.