全文获取类型
收费全文 | 897篇 |
免费 | 30篇 |
国内免费 | 47篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 15篇 |
儿科学 | 38篇 |
妇产科学 | 4篇 |
基础医学 | 121篇 |
口腔科学 | 12篇 |
临床医学 | 98篇 |
内科学 | 239篇 |
皮肤病学 | 23篇 |
神经病学 | 34篇 |
特种医学 | 150篇 |
外科学 | 42篇 |
综合类 | 25篇 |
预防医学 | 7篇 |
眼科学 | 7篇 |
药学 | 65篇 |
中国医学 | 3篇 |
肿瘤学 | 91篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 2篇 |
2021年 | 6篇 |
2020年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 3篇 |
2018年 | 6篇 |
2017年 | 7篇 |
2016年 | 6篇 |
2015年 | 22篇 |
2014年 | 16篇 |
2013年 | 21篇 |
2012年 | 13篇 |
2011年 | 15篇 |
2010年 | 32篇 |
2009年 | 28篇 |
2008年 | 15篇 |
2007年 | 52篇 |
2006年 | 19篇 |
2005年 | 19篇 |
2004年 | 21篇 |
2003年 | 17篇 |
2002年 | 28篇 |
2001年 | 32篇 |
2000年 | 19篇 |
1999年 | 26篇 |
1998年 | 48篇 |
1997年 | 51篇 |
1996年 | 58篇 |
1995年 | 35篇 |
1994年 | 32篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 16篇 |
1991年 | 21篇 |
1990年 | 20篇 |
1989年 | 47篇 |
1988年 | 32篇 |
1987年 | 27篇 |
1986年 | 25篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 15篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1931年 | 1篇 |
1925年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有974条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
891.
Mistletoe extracts have approval for clinical application. This warrants the quest for the definition of the active substances to optimize their application. Thus, the extent of immunomodulating and antimetastatic activity of the beta-galactoside-specific lectin from mistletoe extract (ML I) was investigated. In BALB/c-mice regular subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of small nontoxic doses of ML I yielded significant enhancement of peritoneal macrophage activity, as measured in chemiluminescence assays, as well as significant weight gain of thymus. Spleen weight, however, increased without statistical significance. To evaluate the anti-metastatic activity of ML I we intravenously (i.v.) inoculated sarcoma L-1 and fibrosarcoma RAW 117-H 10 cells which cause tumor colonization of lungs and livers in BALB/c-mice, respectively. After regular s.c. administration of ML I, the number of lung and liver tumor colonies significantly decreased in both experimental tumor models as compared to control mice which received injections of saline solution. Accordingly, ML I can be regarded as a potent immunomodulating and antimetastatic substance, which seems to be promising for clinical trials in human oncology. 相似文献
892.
893.
894.
Hancq S Salmon I Brotchi J De Witte O Gabius HJ Heizmann CW Kiss R Decaestecker C 《Neuropathology and applied neurobiology》2004,30(2):178-187
Some WHO grade I intracranial meningiomas resected from the same sites and with the same quality of resection (Simpson's grading scale) recur, while others do not. The reasons for this variability in occurrence of recurrence have not yet been determined. We therefore investigated the prognostic recurrence value of seven biological markers on a series of completely resected WHO grade I meningiomas. For this purpose, we analysed a series of 33 WHO grade I meningiomas totally resected between 1980 and 1990 (a follow-up of 10 years), including 14 cases of recurrence. The fixed tumour material from each meningioma was submitted to histochemical analyses targeting galectin-3 and its binding sites, the S100A5, S100A6 and S100B proteins, and cathepsin-B and -D. The levels of expression were assessed semi-quantitatively (in terms of the staining intensity and the labelling index) and submitted to uni- and multivariate analyses. Of all the markers investigated, only S100A5 expression can be associated with any significant prognostic value in the matter of recurrence. More particularly, the meningiomas with high levels of S100A5 staining intensity either did not recur, or recurred later than those with a low immunopositive S100A5 intensity (P = 0.004). Cox regression analyses demonstrated that this latter marker was associated with significant prognostic values independent of the patients' ages. Furthermore, the combination of the patients' ages and S100A5 staining intensity permitted the identification of a group with a particularly high risk of recurrence, that is, the patients younger than 55 and with meningiomas exhibiting low S100A5 intensities (P = 0.001). In conclusion, the S100A5 protein could play a role in the recurrence of totally resected WHO grade I meningiomas. 相似文献
895.
896.
Delbrouck C Gabius HJ Kaltner H Decaestecker C Kiss R Hassid S 《Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery》2003,129(6):665-669
BACKGROUND: The term nasal polyposis describes benign growth processes in the nasal and sinus mucosa, which are mainly located in the middle meatus and never in the inferior meatus. As a step to define the biochemical determinants relevant for growth regulation, we focused on endogenous lectins known for anti-apoptotic (galectin-3) and immunomodulatory (galectin-1) activities. DESIGN: Using computer-assisted microscopy, we performed an immunohistochemical investigation defining the quantitative parameters of expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in 10 nasal polyps, 10 middle turbinates, and 10 inferior turbinates, all of which were obtained from surgical resection. RESULTS: Our data show that galectin-3 expression is markedly (P<.001) higher in nasal polyps than in turbinates. No relation to the allergic status was discovered. Galectin-1 expression is higher in nasal polyps than in middle turbinates (P<.001) in nonallergic patients compared with allergic ones (in glandular epithelium, P =.009; in connective tissue, P =.006). The lowest galectin-1 expression was observed in the middle turbinate. CONCLUSIONS: These data are in line with a positive influence of galectin-3 on growth and an immunoregulatory role of galectin-1, mimicking an increased expression dependent on glucocorticoid. 相似文献
897.
Prognostic significance of endogenous adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins in lung cancer 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Szoke T Kayser K Baumhakel JD Trojan I Furak J Tiszlavicz L Horvath A Szluha K Gabius HJ Andre S 《Oncology》2005,69(2):167-174
OBJECTIVE: To determine the expression of endogenous adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins and their binding sites using labeled tissue lectins as well as the binding profile of hyaluronic acid as an approach to define new prognostic markers. METHODS: Sections of paraffin-embedded histological material of 481 lungs from lung tumor patients following radical lung excision processed by a routine immunohistochemical method (avidin-biotin labeling, DAB chromogen). Specific antibodies against galectins-1 and -3 and the heparin-binding lectin were tested. Staining by labeled galectins and hyaluronic acid was similarly visualized by a routine protocol. After semiquantitative assessment of staining, the results were compared with the pT and pN stages and the histological type. Survival was calculated by univariate and multivariate methods. RESULTS: Binding of galectin-1 and its expression tended to increase, whereas the parameters for galectin-3 decreased in advanced pT and pN stages at a statistically significant level. The number of positive cases was considerably smaller among the cases with small cell lung cancer than in the group with non-small-cell lung cancer, among which adenocarcinomas figured prominently with the exception of galectin-1 expression. Kaplan-Meier computations revealed that the survival rate of patients with galectin-3-binding or galectin-1-expressing tumors was significantly poorer than that of the negative cases. In the multivariate calculations of survival lymph node metastases (p < 0.0001), histological type (p = 0.003), galectin-3-binding capacity (p = 0.01), galectin-3 expression (p = 0.03) and pT status (p = 0.003) proved to be independent prognostic factors, not correlated with the pN stage. CONCLUSION: The expression and the capacity to bind the adhesion/growth regulatory galectin-3 is defined as an unfavorable prognostic factor not correlated with the pTN stage. 相似文献
898.
Gabius HJ Darro F Remmelink M André S Kopitz J Danguy A Gabius S Salmon I Kiss R 《Cancer investigation》2001,19(2):114-126
The toxic galactoside-specific lectin from mistletoe, a component of proprietary extracts with unproven efficacy in oncology, exhibits capacity to trigger enhanced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines at low doses (ng/ml or ng/kg body weight) and reductions of cell viability with increasing concentrations. To infer any tumor selectivity of this activity, cytofluorimetric and cell growth assays with a variety of established human tumor cell lines were performed. Only quantitative changes were apparent, and the toxicity against tumor cells was within the range of that of the tested fibroblast preparations from 5 donors. No indication for any tumor selectivity was observed. In kinetic studies with 8 sarcoma and 4 melanoma lines, this evidence for quantitative variability of the response in interindividual comparison was further underscored. At 50 pg lectin/ml x 10(5) cells, even a growth-stimulatory impact was noted in 5 of 12 tested cases. To mimic in vivo conditions with presence of cytokine-secreting inflammatory and stromal cells, exposure to the lectin was extended to histotypic cultures established from 30 cases of surgically removed tumor. As salient result, 5 specimens from 4 of the 8 tested tumor classes responded with a significant increase of [3H]-thymidine incorporation relative to controls during the culture period of 72 hours, when the lectin was present at a concentration in the described immunomodulatory range (1 ng/ml). A relation of this activity to the extent of the actual proliferative status of the reactive samples could not be delineated. Therefore, a non-negligible percentage of the established tumor cell lines (e.g., 3 from 8 sarcoma lines) can be markedly stimulated by the lectin at a very low dose and with dependence on the cell type. Furthermore, the feasibility to elicit a significant growth enhancement is likewise documented for human tumor explants in 16.6% of the examined cases. In view of the uncontrolled application of lectin-containing extracts in alternative/complementary medicine, the presented results on unquestionably adverse lectin-dependent effects in two culture systems call for rigorous examination of the clinical safety of this unconventional, scientifically entirely experimental treatment modality. 相似文献
899.
CD8+ T cells have been implicated in protective anti-tuberculous immune
responses, but little is known about the identity of mycobacterial antigens
recognized by CD8+ T cells. In this study we identified the Mycobacterium
tuberculosis 38 kDa protein as a target for murine CD8+ cytotoxic T
lymphocytes (CTL) which were induced by vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with
DNA delivered with a plasmid, with transfected tumour cells or by infection
with tubercle bacilli. Using overlapping synthetic peptides covering the
whole protein sequence, peptides predicted to contain H-2Kb or H-2Db
motifs, as well as naturally processed peptides, we were able to identify
CTL epitopes. Differences were demonstrated in peptide specificity between
CTL from immunized or M. tuberculosis-infected mice. The identified CTL
epitopes could be important for future analysis of the involvement of CD8+
T cells in M. tuberculosis infections and for vaccine development.
相似文献
900.
Multiple polymorphic sites in factor X locus 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hassan HJ; Guerriero R; Chelucci C; Leonardi A; Mattia G; Leone G; Mariani G; Mannucci PM; Peschle C 《Blood》1988,71(5):1353-1356
The structure of factor X (FX) gene was analyzed in five FX deficient pedigrees with four different variants of the disease, as well as in 50 normal subjects. Genomic DNA from the deficient patients and the normal controls was digested with 12 restriction endonucleases and hybridized with a FX cDNA probe. The results seemingly exclude gross gene deletions or rearrangements in the deficient patients. A variety of polymorphic sites (ie, EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, PvuII, TaqI) was observed within the FX locus and their relative frequency was established. Intriguingly, a highly polymorphic region for the PvuII endonuclease was identified and located approximately 3 kilobases (kb) from the last 3' exon. These polymorphisms allowed us to analyze the allelic segregation in a FX deficient family and to identify a homozygous subject. 相似文献