Research in physical medicine and rehabilitation. V. Data entry and early exploratory data analysis

The process of data entry and initial analysis to locate data errors is described. Basic terms are defined and a simple method of entering data by using word processing software is illustrated. Data checking is done by using visual check of the raw data. Statistical programs are then used to locate possible data errors by finding data points (outliers) that are very different from the average. Special graphic output of statistical programs, scatterplots and box and whisker plots can be used to further locate questionable data. Examples of data entry forms and annotated step by step data cleaning with the use of inexpensive programs for personal computers are presented.     

A patient with right and left atrial membranes: the role of transesophageal echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis

A patient who had right and left atrial membranes was examined. The diagnosis and the hemodynamic significance of both membranes were detailed by transesophageal echocardiography and were confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Transesophageal imaging was found to be superior to routine echocardiography in visualization of these atrial structures.     

Cardiopulmonary interactions in the cardiac patient in the intensive care unit

Critically ill cardiac patients often undergo mechanical ventilation. The interplay between pulmonary and cardiac mechanics is complicated and in many cases may result in impaired transfer of O2 from the atmosphere to the tissues. This article addresses the principles of pulmonary and peripheral gas exchange, as well as the mechanical effects of respiration on the circulation.     

Synovial fluid phospholipase A2s and inflammation.

The activation of phospholipase A2 is believed to have an important role in the inflammatory process owing to its induction of eicosanoids, platelet activating factor, and other mediators. Soluble phospholipase A2 has been associated with exudates in different inflammatory conditions. In this review the general physiology and control of this enzyme and, in particular, the most recent findings on human synovial fluid phospholipase A2s are discussed.     

A preliminary report of the short-term effect of carbonated beverage consumption on calcium metabolism in normal women

A variety of nutritional factors influence the bioavailability of calcium and increase a woman's risk of osteoporosis. Eight healthy women completed an 8-week metabolic study designed to investigate the effect of nonalcoholic carbonated beverage consumption on calcium metabolism. Compared with women receiving a control diet, women consuming a diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages demonstrated similar mean serum levels of calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and osteocalcin. Twenty-four-hour urine volume, creatinine clearance, calcium-creatinine ratio, and phosphorus-creatinine ratio were similar during consumption of the diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages and the control diet. Twenty-four-hour cyclic adenosine monophosphate-creatinine ratio was significantly lower in women consuming the diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverage compared with women receiving the control diet (342 +/- 27.4 nmol/mmol vs 409 +/- 22.1 nmol/mmol). Consumption of a diet high in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages on a short-term basis does not appear to affect adversely the serum or urinary markers of calcium metabolism.     

Direct actions of cocaine on cardiac cellular electrical activity

The hypothesis that cocaine has Class I-type antiarrhythmic drug effects was tested in tissues isolated from rabbit heart with standard microelectrode methods. Propranolol (1 microM) was used to block beta-adrenergic effects. The actions of cocaine on cellular electrophysiology were concentration- and time-dependent and were reversible. In paced right atrial (RA) and right ventricular papillary (RVP) tissues, cocaine produced a profound prolongation of the effective refractory period (ERP) assessed by either premature stimulation or minimum pacing interval. ERP was increased up to eightfold in RA tissue and doubled in RVP tissue by 60 microM cocaine. This concentration of cocaine depressed action potential phase 0 depolarization 80% in RA tissue and 53% in RVP tissue but had no effect on resting membrane potentials. Automaticity was moderately depressed in sinus node (34% decrease in rate) but not in tricuspid valve cells. Phase 0 depolarization was not altered in these spontaneously active slow-response cells. Repolarization was depressed in RA, tricuspid valve, and sinus node cells leading to a twofold increase in action potential duration during exposure to cocaine. Evidence from the effects on cellular action potentials suggests that cocaine affects both fast Na+ channels and repolarizing K+ but not Ca2+ channels. We conclude that cocaine has Class I-type activity and the effects on ERP are extreme.     

Complete obstruction of the sigmoid colon treated by primary resection and anastomosis—An improved technique (preliminary report)

Three patients with complete colonic obstruction treated by primary resection and anastomosis with intraoperative colon tube decompression and bowel lumen sterilization without a protective colostomy are presented. An improved colonic decompressor was used. It is postulated that this procedure is an alternative safe technique in patients with colonic obstruction in whom an end-colostomy, mucous fistula, or Hartmann pouch would be necessary.     

Severe erythroblastopenia and hemolytic anemia during a hepatitis A infection

A 41-year-old woman had acute hepatitis A infection complicated with severe anemia due to selective erythroblastopenia and hemolysis. A mechanism involving a cellular immune reaction is suggested. The hematological complications resolved during steroid treatment. She later developed a transient seropositive arthritis.     

The use of pelvic ultrasonography in the evaluation of adolescents with pelvic inflammatory disease

To evaluate the use of pelvic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of female adolescents with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), sonograms of 60 patients with PID were compared with those of 40 age-matched controls. Sonograms were evaluated for adnexal volume, adnexal adherence, uterine size, and the presence of cul-de-sac fluid. Eleven (19.3%) of the 57 patients with PID, in whom adequate sonograms were obtained, had tubo-ovarian abscesses; in seven of these patients, the abscesses were diagnosed ultrasonographically before suspected clinically. Even in those patients without tubo-ovarian abscesses, the mean (+/- SD) adnexal volume in the PID group was significantly larger than that of the control group (11.0 +/- 6.8 cm3 vs 5.2 +/- 2.7 cm,3 respectively). Adnexal adherence, uterine size, and the presence of cul-de-sac fluid were not useful in differentiating patients with PID from normal controls. Pelvic ultrasonography can be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis and management of PID in adolescents and may, in some instances, provide diagnoses in the absence of clinical findings.