Currently available blood saving methods in a patient at cardiac surgery under extracorporeal circulation

Different blood saving methods are analyzed in 2000 cardiac surgical patients undergoing coronary and vascular bypass surgery in 1993 to 2000. The basic blood saving methods are as follows: intraoperative autoreinfusion (normovolemic thermodilution), reinfusion of the patient's blood, preoperative autologous plasma donation in combination with aprotinine, aminocapronic acid, etc. An analysis revealed a decrease in homologous blood components intraoperatively. Red blood cell transfusion decreased from 100% in 1993 to 44% in 2000, fresh frozen plasma and platelet transfusions did from 98 to 39% and from 96 to 1%, respectively. Intraoperative homologous blood transfusion could be avoided in 70% of those undergone coronary bypass surgery.     

Detection and characterization of gastric carcinoma associated with epstein-barr herpes virus

The present investigation was carried out to estimate the incidence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cases among gastric carcinoma (GC) patients in Russia. Carcinoma specimens from 184 patients with GC treated at the Cancer Research Center were investigated by EBV encoded RNA-1 (EBER-1) in situ hybridization. Seventeen (9.24%) cases showed uniform EBER-1 expression restricted to the carcinoma cells. Hybridized signals were not detected in the non-neoplastic gastric epithelium. EBV involvement was significantly more frequent among males, especially in the tumors belonging to less differentiated types (moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinomas and poorly differentiated solid adenocarcinomas) and located in the upper stomach (cardia and middle part). Most EBV-positive GCs were characterized by great lymphoid compartment involvement. The findings of the distribution of EBV-positive. GCs by sex, site, and histology are similar to those in Japan; however, the detection rate of EBV-positive cases in Russia is higher than that in Japan (6.7%) and lower than that in the USA (16%).     

Blood oxygen transport and pro-oxidant-antioxidant state during liver reperfusion

Indices of blood oxygen transport (hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, pCO2, pH, pO2, etc.) and prooxidant-antioxidant state (Schiff bases, conjugated dienes, catalase, retinal, alpha-tocopherol) were measured in rabbit blood and the liver during postischemic reperfusion. Hepatic ischemia was induced for 30 min by ligation of a hepatica propria, and reperfusion lasted for 120 min. Hepatic ischemia worsened blood oxygen transport. Restoration of arterial blood flow did not result in improvement of oxygen delivery. Moreover, marked metabolic acidosis was observed throughout 2 hr of reperfusion. Ischemia induced a shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right. This shift persisted after restoration of hepatic arterial blood flow facilitating increased oxygen transport to tissues. Changes in blood oxygen transport during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion were accompanied with high activity of free radical processes. During reperfusion, the largest increase in content of lipid peroxidation products and the greatest fall of some antioxidant levels except catalase were observed indicating impairment of liver prooxidant-antioxidant balance. The results showed that activation of lipid peroxidation and a decrease in some antioxidant levels during hepatic reperfusion were associated with lowering of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and suggest participation of the latter in impairment of prooxidant-antioxidant balance.     

Computer modelling of the organs of the upper abdominal cavity

Method of creation computer models of upper floor of abdomen organs: liver, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, stomach, blood vessels with using computer system "DUCT" was described. Details of modelled structures of the cylindric and complicated forms were noted.     

Mast cells in photolesion of the skin and basal cell cancer associated with it

Morphofunctional features of skin mast cells located in the areas subjected to chronic UV-radiation and in the associated basal cell carcinoma with photoinjure have been studied. Various immunohistochemical methods (chromogranin A, CDla, HLA-DR, CD35, Ki67, P53, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, involucrine) were used. It is found that chronic UV-damage leads to mast cell hyperplasia as well as activation of their synthetic, absorption and secretory functions. It is suggested that mast cell hyperplasia and increase of mast cells neuroendocrine activity provide a risk of basal cell carcinoma development.     

Achievements in morphological diagnosis of prostatic cancer: alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme-A-racemase--a new marker of malignant cell transformation

Gene P504S is considered as the most specific for prostatic carcinoma and its protein (alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A racemaze (AMACR/P504S) is higly sensitive and specific marker not only for adenocarcinoma cells but also for preceding changes - prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm (PIN). AMACR/P504S seems to be the first marker of malignant transformation and tumor progression. Use of immunohistochemical method for revealing this marker together with methods of basal prostatic cells observation (cytokeratin of a high molecular weight, cytokeratin 5/6, p63) improves morphological diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma, particularly on the material of needle biopsies. This combination allows one to identify neoplastic nature of some difficult lesions.     

Morphological features of juvenile colon polyps in children

Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies of 50 solitary juvenile polyps (JP) and 50 JP from children with juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) were performed. Observations of the focal complex glandular structures with high mitotic rate were more frequent in JP from patients with JPS (n = 29, 58%) than in solitary JP (n = 17, 34%) (p < 0.03). The immunohistochemical study demonstrated p53 overexpression in individual cells and more than 50% of Ki-67-positive cells in 5 (10%) solitary JP and in 17(34%) JP from patients with JPS (p < 0.007). The finding of microglandular pattern is more typical for JP from patients with JPS. Pathological data, expression of p53 and Ki-67 by immunohistochemistry could help to pick out the group of JP with dysplastic changes.     

Nucleotide sequence of gag and env genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, found in Russia: detection of new recombinant variants

Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of gag and env genes of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) variants isolated from individuals infected through sexual intercourse or nosocomially (by injections with nonsterile syringes) showed that 5 of 27 (18.5%) isolated strains were recombinants. Two viruses found in the Russian Far East had gagAenvE genotype, three other recombinants had envG genotype; gag gene of one isolate belonged to subtype A and gag genes of two others belonged to subtype D. Detection of new recombinant variants in addition to the A/B recombinant described previously shows that these viruses can contribute to the HIV-1 genetic variability in Russia.