安徽省青少年留守状况的流行病学调查

目的:描述安徽省青少年的留守状况,探索不同类型青少年留守率的差异.方法:采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取皖南、皖北城乡普通中学7所,获得样本3 421人,其中留守青少年682人.自行设计流行病学凋查表对研究对象的一般人口学特征和留守状况进行问卷调查.结果:安徽省10 ～ 18岁青少年的留守率为19.94％.不同类型青少年留守...     

Stress vulnerability during adolescent development in rats

Adolescent development is proposed to represent a time of increased susceptibility to stress. During adolescence, the brain demonstrates a high level of plasticity and can be positively or negatively affected by the environment. This study tests the hypothesis that adolescent development is a stage of enhanced vulnerability to chronic stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to our 14-d chronic variable stress (CVS) paradigm at three developmental stages: 1) early adolescence (35 d; age at initiation of CVS); 2) late adolescence (50 d); or 3) adulthood (80 d). We examined the effects of CVS on the following: 1) depression-like behavior; 2) somatic indices; 3) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity; and 4) neuropeptide expression in the hypothalamus. Results show, regardless of age, CVS exposure: 1) decreased body weight; 2) increased adrenal size; 3) decreased fat weight; and 4) increased HPA response to stress. The somatic effects of CVS were exaggerated in late adolescent animals, and late adolescent animals were the only group where CVS decreased oxytocin expression and increased basal corticosterone. In response to CVS, adult animals increased immobility during the forced-swim test while early and late adolescent animals were resistant to the effects of chronic stress on depression-like behavior. Results show that adolescent animals were protected from the effect of chronic stress on depression-like behavior while late adolescent animals were more susceptible to the somatic, HPA axis, and neuropeptide effects of chronic stress. Thus, adolescent development is a unique window of vulnerabilities and protections to the effects of chronic stress.     

Blood-borne angiotensin II acts in the brain to influence behavioral and endocrine responses to psychogenic stress

This study elucidates the neural circuits by which circulating angiotensin II (ANGII) acts in the brain to influence humoral and behavioral responses to psychological stressors. To test the hypothesis that systemic ANGII mediates stress responding via the subfornical organ (SFO), we first found that the timing of increased systemic ANGII in response to 60 min restraint coincides with increased c-fos mRNA expression in the SFO. Next, we administered an anterograde neuronal tract tracer into the SFO and found that fibers originating there make appositions onto neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that are also c-fos positive following restraint stress. To determine whether circulating ANGII stimulates the release of stress hormones via activation of angiotensin type 1 receptors (AT1R) within the SFO, we delivered lentivirus to knockdown AT1R expression locally in the SFO. Inhibition of AT1R specifically within the SFO blunted the release of adrenocorticotrophin-releasing hormone and corticosterone in response to restraint stress and caused rats to spend more time in the open arms of an elevated-plus maze than controls, indicating that inhibition of AT1R within the SFO is anxiolytic. Collectively, these results suggest that circulating ANGII acts on AT1R in the SFO to influence responding to psychological stressors.     

K+通道在门脉高压鼠动脉NE低反应中的作用

目的探讨钾离子通道在门静脉高压症鼠离体肠系膜小动脉对去甲肾腺素（ＮＥ）低反应的影响。方法观察门静脉部分缩窄所致的肝前型门静脉高压症（ＰＶＳ）和手术对照（Ｓｈａｍ）大鼠离体肠系膜小动脉对ＮＥ的反应,以及甲离子通道阻断剂（４－氨基吡啶、Ｉｂｅｒｉｔｏｘｉｎ、优降糖、氯化钡）对ＮＥ反应的影响。结果与Ｓｈａｍ鼠相比,ＰＶＳ鼠血管对ＮＥ反应降低,４－氨基吡啶使血管对ＮＥ反应降低,ｐＤ２下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）,     

Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex and oculomotor control

Prepulse inhibition and the suppression of reflexive saccades on the antisaccade task are thought to tap inhibitory function. Reports of a lack of association between these measures suggest that they reflect different facets of inhibition. This study aimed to reexamine this relationship in a large sample and investigate the association of prepulse inhibition with oculomotor tasks that require inhibition of a reflexive saccade with lower concurrent processing demands than antisaccades, namely the oculomotor delayed response and fixation with distractors tasks. One hundred and seven healthy volunteers took part. Prepulse inhibition was uncorrelated with oculomotor performance. The error rate was highest for antisaccades, intermediate for the delayed response task, and lowest for fixation with distractors, and was correlated across tasks. These findings provide no evidence of a relationship between prepulse inhibition and oculomotor inhibition. Failure in suppressing reflexive saccades toward a peripheral target may represent a common inhibitory component underlying these oculomotor tasks.     

The pro- and anti-inflammatory markers in patients with acute myocardial infarction and chronic stable angina

The aim of this study was to assess the plasma levels of VEGF and interleukin-10 in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stable chronic angina (SA) and correlate the values with traditional CHD risk factors, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and established inflammatory marker hsCRP. Fifty patients with AMI and 30 with SA were enrolled. IL-10 levels in AMI patients were lower than in SA patients (9.81 +/- 5.0 versus 22.63 +/- 8.38 pg/ml, p < 0.00001). IL-10 levels were lower in AMI and SA patients with multiple CHD risk factors than in patients < or = 2 risk factors (SA: 19.48 +/- 2.94 versus 23.77 +/- 2.94 pg/ml; p < 0.005; AMI: 8.64 +/- 4.43 versus 11.85 +/- 4.09 pg/ml; p < 0.05) and patients with AMI and single-vessel than with multi-vessel disease (8.45 +/- 3.86 versus 10.72 +/- 3.95 pg/ml; p < 0.05). VEGF levels in AMI patients were higher than in SA patients (312.0 +/- 67.0 versus 221.0 + /- 50 pg/ml; p < 0.005). VEGF levels were higher in AMI patients with multi-vessel disease than in patients with single-vessel disease (348.74 +/- 45.23 versus 252.05 +/- 21.12 pg/ml; p < 0.005), with LVEF <40% and Killip class III-IV than in patients with LVEF >40% and Killip class I-II (338.8 +/- 51.59 versus 271.8 +/- 50.51 pg/ml; p < 0.005 and 340.71 +/- 52.94 versus 275.45 +/- 49.48 pg/ml; p < 0.05, respectively) and with chest pain > 6 h versus < 6 h (330.03 +/- 58.58 versus 292 +/- 57.53 pg/ml; p < 0.05). HsCRP concentrations in AMI patients were higher than in SA (1.24 +/- 0.47 versus 0.42 +/- 0.14; p < 0.0001). HsCRP was correlated with IL-10 (r = -0.413; p < 0.05) and VEGF (r = 0.319; p < 0.05). Acute myocardial infarction is associated with elevated VEGF levels and decreased concentration of IL-10. There is a significant correlation between levels of inflamatory markers and CHD risk factors and the function of the left ventricle on admission.     

A study of the referral patterns of obstetric clinics and the performance of receiving neonatal intensive care units in Taiwan

To study the referral patterns of obstetric clinics, and the performance of receiving intensive care units measured by the survival of transported neonates, transport records were collected prospectively between July, 1991 and June, 1992. Two hundred and fifty-four transported neonates born in 51 obstetric clinics (level I units) in Tainan City and County, in southern Taiwan, were enrolled in this study. Nineteen percent of the transported neonates were very low birthweight infants (<1500 g). Nearly equal numbers of them were transported to eight district hospitals (level II units) and to a tertiary center (level III unit), but these infants were 1.5 times more likely to die in a level II unit than a level III unit. In addition, equal numbers of infants assisted by mechanical ventilators were transported to level II and III units, but these infants were three times more likely to die in a level II unit than a level III unit (P = 0.006). Seventy-seven percent of the normal birthweight infants (≥2500 g) were transported to level II units, and the mortality in this group was 12.3% compared with 0% in those transported to the level III unit. Approximately 56% of these normal birthweight infants in level II units died of severe birth asphyxia. The referral patterns of level I units had an unfavorable effect on the survival of neonates requiring mechanical ventilation. Enhancing the skills of the staff in level I units to recognize and stabilize such infants, elevating the capability of level II units in treating some of these cases, and increasing the hospital beds for level III care are necessary to increase their chance of survival.     

Does a computerized price comparison module reduce prescribing costs in general practice?

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the trends in prescribed defined daily doses (DDD) and drug expenses before and after the introduction of a computerized cost containment module into the computer record system of a defined group of GPs. The GPs' expectations for and experiences with the module were examined. METHOD: We performed a controlled follow-up study on antecedent data before and after intervention. A questionnaire was administered to the intervention group at the introduction and 1 year later. Data on prescribing were collected in the database of the Health Insurance Aarhus County, as a normal routine for accounting. The GPs were not aware of the ongoing cost supervision study. Additional cost information software was introduced on 1 January 1993 to 20 practices with 28 GPs. The software assisted the GPs in a semiautomatic way to identify and prescribe the cheapest drugs. The subjects comprised 158 practices including 231 GPs in Aarhus County, Denmark. Questionnaires were sent to the 20 intervention practices. The main outcome measures were prescribed DDD, reimbursement for prescribed drugs, and reimbursement per prescribed DDD quarterly during 1992 and 1993. RESULTS: Compared with the controls there were no changes in prescribed DDD, reimbursement for prescribed drugs, and reimbursement per prescribed DDD in the intervention group after the introduction of the module. CONCLUSION: Simply giving a random group of GPs computer assistance to choose less expensive drugs did not reduce expenditure per DDD. Cost containment procedures should be more intensive than just giving the doctors a computer-assisted decision aid.      

Impact of psychosocial factors on the prevalence of headaches in the industrial setting. A case-control approach

A sociomedical survey of 975 workers employed in an electronic instrument factory was carried out by standardized interview and aimed at defining the relationship between some psychosocial working conditions and the occurrence of headaches. The findings showed different patterns of headaches in specific occupational categories with workers exposed to different psychosocial stresses. Headaches were more frequent in those who became nervous during their work, those who were often in conflict with their co-workers, and those holding managerial posts.