Two-year interferon therapy with or without ribavirin in chronic delta hepatitis

The only beneficial agent for the treatment of chronic delta hepatitis (CDH) is interferon (IFN). However, there is no consensus on the best dosage or duration of IFN therapy. As ribavirin (RBV) increases the sustained response when added to IFN in chronic hepatitis C, probably because of its immunomodulatory effect, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of 2-year IFN treatment and whether RBV had any additive effect to IFN in CDH. METHODS: Patients (n = 31) with CDH were randomized with a 1:2 ratio as 10 patients (3 females/7 males, age 39 +/- 9) receiving IFN monotherapy (9 MU IFN-alpha2a three times weekly) and 21 patients (8 females/13 males, age 38 +/- 11) receiving IFN plus RBV for 2 years (IFN at the same dosage and RBV at 1000-1200 mg/day). Alanine transferase normalization and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA negativity at the end of treatment and at the end of the follow-up period (at least 6 months following 2-year treatment) were primary endpoints of the study. In addition, virological response and biochemical response were determined separately. RESULTS: Eight of 31 patients (25%) had cirrhosis in liver biopsies. Six patients from the IFN monotherapy group and 12 patients from the combination group had biochemical response. Five patients from the IFN monotherapy group and 11 patients from the combination group had virological response at the end of therapy. Two patients from the IFN group and five patients from the combination group had sustained biochemical response at the end of the follow-up period. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) activations with HBV DNA positivity were observed in two patients (one from the IFN monotherapy group, one from the combination group). Two patients (20%) in the IFN group and five patients (23.5%) in IFN plus RBV group remained as virological responders at the end of the follow-up period (P > 0.05). None of the patients with liver cirrhosis were responsive at the end of the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Almost 20% of the patients with CDH were responsive to 2-year IFN treatment at the end of the follow-up period and no additional effect of RBV was observed. Patients with advanced liver disease failed to respond to treatment.     

The inappropriate use of HbA1c testing to monitor glycemia: is there evidence in laboratory data?

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Diabetes is a chronic illness and have relatively high prevalence. Glycemic control is fundamental to the management of diabetes. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a commonly used laboratory test to monitor glycemia and to manage diabetes. This study aimed to assess the appropriateness of the frequency of HbA1c test order with respect to the commonly approved guidelines for monitoring glycaemia of patients. METHODS: To assess the rate of inappropriate test orders, laboratory records of HbA1c tests ordered between 2002 and 2004 were evaluated. Inappropriate orders were defined as any order for a given patient that takes place within a 29- or 89-day-period following the previous HbA1c order. The effects of various parameters, like ordering clinics, the first HbA1c level, or the on-line availability of test results on test ordering were evaluated. RESULTS: Evaluation of test intervals showed that 10.3% of all orders and 33.8% of the inpatients' orders were performed within 29 days, 35.5% of all orders and 55% of the inpatients' orders were within 89 days. CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate laboratory utilization of HbA1c testing is very common especially in the inpatient clinics. We think that the application of the guidelines may decrease unnecessary health expenditure.     

The effectiveness of analgesics in traumatic injuries of the extremities

In this study, the effectiveness of different analgesics was investigated in patients who presented to the emergency room with traumatic injuries or fractures of the extremities. We observed 100 patients (42 male, 58 female) who presented to the Konya State Hospital emergency service with isolated traumatic injuries of the extremities. We used different analgesics intravenously or intramuscularly in those patients with a high or moderate level of pain according to a visual analog pain scale. Patient pain levels were assessed 15, 30, and 45 minutes after administration of the analgesics. Metamizole sodium 1 g IV was used in 36 patients and diclofenac sodium 75 mg IM was given to 40 patients; tramadol hydrochloride 100 mg IV was administered to 24 patients. Pain became less severe after 15 minutes in 92% of patients who received tramadol IV; pain became less severe after 30 minutes in 72% of those who received metamizole IV. In contrast, pain became less severe after 45 minutes in 65% of patients who received diclofenac IM. Tramadol was the most effective analgesic and was also more effective earlier than the other analgesics tested.     

Clinical outcome of rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescent and adult patients: single center experience from Turkey

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is rare disease in adults (age >or= 16 years). The data from randomized prospective trials are scarce; the clinical outcome of these patients seems poor with the currently available treatment strategies. In this study, we report a single institution's experience in the treatment of adult RMS. We reviewed the medical records of patients with RMS who were >or= 16 years and have been treated in our institution between 1988 and 2003 retrospectively. We analyzed the survival outcome of these patients and the prognostic impact of clinical/pathological factors on their survival. In total, 23 patients with RMS were identified. Median age was 26 years (range, 16-72 years). Majority of patients were male (n: 17, 73.9%), and had large tumors (>or= 5 cm, n: 13, 56.5%), localized disease (N0, M0, n: 12, 52.2%), and embryonal histology (n: 10, 43.5%). Median overall survival was 31.3 months, and the 3-year progression-free survival and overall survival rates were 19.9% and 34.94%, respectively. Patients with smaller tumors (< 5 cm) (p < 0.04), local disease (p < 0.01), and normal lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level (p < 0.01) at the time of diagnosis were found to have better survival outcome. The tumor size, serum LDH level, and metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis are potential predictors of outcome in patients with adult RMS. Adult RMS is an aggressive disease with poor survival despite treatment. The data from prospective, randomized multicenter trials are necessary in order to improve the clinical outcome of adult RMS patients.     

Pathophysiology underlying drooling in Parkinson’s disease: oropharyngeal bradykinesia

We aimed to investigate the association between drooling and possible etiological factors in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and to determine its effect on the quality of life. Demographic data of the 63 patients with idiopathic PD were recorded. Radboud Oral Motor Inventory for Parkinson’s disease (ROMP) test was administered to all patients to evaluate speech, swallowing functions, and saliva control. The freezing of gait questionnaire (FOGQ) was used to evaluate gait and freezing of gait. Dynamic Parkinson gait scale (DYPAGS) was administered for the objective quantification of PD gait features. Disease severity was assessed by UPDRS and modified Hoehn & Yahr Scale. PD specific health-related quality was evaluated by PDQ-39 questionnaire. Drooling was only significantly correlated to UPDRS score; a stronger association was found between drooling and UPDRS 3 motor score; and a more significant association was determined between drooling and the bradykinesia questions of the motor part of UPDRS 3. Interestingly, no significant association was found between sialorrhea score and PDQ-39 score. Based on the results of this study, we concluded that oropharyngeal bradykinesia may be responsible for drooling in PD. In contrast to a general expectation, we did not find any adverse impact of drooling on the quality of life.     

Optimal control strategy of SEIR endemic model with continuous age‐structure in the exposed and infectious classes

In this paper, we consider an endemic Susceptible‐Exposed‐Infectious‐Recovered model with continuous age‐structure for exposed and infectious classes. This work is appropriate for those infectious diseases that have exposed period such as tuberculosis and herpes virus infection. Key result is the existence of an optimal control problem. To control the spread of the disease, we use an objective functional with a suitable control and present an optimal control problem. Finally, we present some simulations that support our theoretical findings and show the effectiveness of the model.     

Long-Term Experience of Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Pediatric Primary Immunodeficient Patients with Low and Normal Body Weight

Journal of Clinical Immunology - The aim was to review the compliance, side effects and effectiveness of subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) supplementation in patients with primary...     

Effects of ebselen versus nimodipine on cerebral vasospasm subsequent to experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats

We investigated the effect of ebselen relative to nimodipine in an animal model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into 5 groups: G1, no intervention; G2, sham surgery without subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); G3, SAH only; G4, SAH plus nimodipine treatment; G5, SAH plus ebselen treatment. For G2 animals, physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) was injected into the cisterna magna. For G3, G4 and G5 animals, SAH was induced by injecting autologous non-heparinized blood into the cisterna magna. One hour after injection, G4 animals received nimodipine at 6-hour intervals and G5 animals received ebselen twice a day for 48 hours. After treatment, brain tissue and blood samples were taken for biochemical and histopathological examination. Mean malonyldialdehyde concentration was significantly higher in G3 than in G1 (p < 0.0001), G2 (p = 0.01), G4 (p = 0.002) and G5 (p = 0.014), and significantly higher in G5 than in G1 (p = 0.013). Mean superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower in G4 than in both G1 (p = 0.025) and G2 (p = 0.02). Mean wall thickness was significantly greater in G3 than in G1 (p < 0.0001), G2 (p = 0.01), G4 (p < 0.0001) and G5 (p < 0.0001). Mean wall thickness was also significantly greater in both G1 and G2 than in G4 (p < 0.0014 and p < 0.0001) and G5 (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001). Mean luminal diameter of the basilar artery was significantly smaller in G3 than in G2 (p = 0.02), G4 (p < 0.018) and G5 (p < 0.001). Our results confirm that ebselen may have neuroprotective effects by acting to prevent vasospasm.