Multiple, large sialoliths of the submandibular gland duct: a case report

This paper reviews the major clinical and radiographic features of sialoliths and illustrates these with an unusual case of multiple sialoliths within the submandibular gland duct. The differential diagnosis of other calcific structures both within and outside the salivary gland that may mimic a sialolith is also presented.     

YC-1, a novel activator of platelet guanylate cyclase

YC-1 [3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole] inhibited the aggregation of and ATP release from washed rabbit platelets induced by arachidonic acid (AA), collagen, U46619, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and thrombin in a concentration-dependent manner. YC-1 also disaggregated the clumped platelets caused by these inducers. The thromboxane B2 formation caused by collagen, PAF, and thrombin was inhibited by concentrations of YC-1 that did not affect formation of thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin D2 caused by AA. YC-1 suppressed the increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate caused by these five aggregation inducers. Both the cAMP and cGMP contents of platelets were increased by YC-1 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Like sodium nitroprusside, YC- 1 potentiated formation of cAMP caused by prostaglandin E1 but not that by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Adenylate cyclase and cAMP phosphodiesterase activities were not altered by YC-1. Activity of cGMP phosphodiesterase was unaffected by YC-1. Activities of guanylate cyclase in platelet homogenate and cytosolic fraction were activated by YC-1, whereas particulate guanylate cyclase activity was unaffected. The antiplatelet effect of sodium nitroprusside but not that of YC-1 was blocked by hemoglobin and potentiated by superoxide dismutase. After intraperitoneal administration for 30 minutes, YC-1 prolonged the tail bleeding time of conscious mice. These data indicate that YC-1 is a direct soluble guanylate cyclase activator in rabbit platelets. It may also possess antithrombotic potential in vivo.     

High prevalence of coeliac disease in Danish children with type I diabetes mellitus

The purpose of this population-based study was to determine the prevalence of coeliac disease (CD) in 106 Danish children (age 2-18 y) with type I diabetes mellitus compared with 106 ageand sex-matched healthy controls. Serum samples were analysed for immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG gliadin antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for IgA endomysium antibodies (EMA) by immunofluorescence and for IgA tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGA) by ELISA. None of the controls had EMA or tTGA. Two diabetics previously diagnosed with CD were antibody negative on a gluten-free diet. Ten diabetics had both EMA and tTGA. Intestinal biopsy was performed in nine of them. All biopsies showed a histological picture of partial or total villous atrophy confirming the diagnosis of CD. Diabetics with CD were significantly younger ( p = 0.026), had an earlier onset of diabetes ( p = 0.005), had a lower height standard deviation score ( p = 0.019) and more often had thyroid antibodies ( p = 0.040) compared with diabetics without CD.

Conclusion: A high prevalence of CD of 10.4% (95% confidence interval 4.6-16.2%) was found in young Danish diabetics. Early onset of diabetes may predispose to CD. Routine serological screening for CD may be valuable in patients with type I diabetes mellitus.     

PLATELET STORAGE POOL DEFICIENCY IN PREGNANCY

SUMMARY A case of inherited platelet storage pool deficiency is described which was successfully managed with prophylactic platelet transfusion at delivery.     

Epidemiology of colorectal cancer in Asia

The prevalence of colorectal cancer is increasing in Asia. However, the age‐standardized rate has reached a plateau in some countries. Some studies have shown a male predominance difference and increasing risk in the elderly, but not in the younger population. ‘Right shifting’ of colorectal cancer, not accountable by difference in age or the indications for endoscopic examination, has also been noted. Westernized diet is associated with colorectal cancer, but controversy remains on how it causes colorectal cancer. Alcohol consumption, obesity, diabetes mellitus, consumption of red and processed meat and cigarette smoking are linked to bowel cancer epidemiologically. Only high dietary calcium has a consistent negative (or ‘protective’) effect. The efficacy of fish oil, vitamin D, soy, phytoestrogens, folate, methionine, riboflavin and vitamin B6 has not been established. Aspirin and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs use decrease risk of colorectal cancer after 5–10 years of use. There is no evidence for a detrimental effect of proton pump inhibitors or benefit of statins in colorectal cancer. In conclusion, there is a rising trend and prevalence of colorectal cancer in Asia. Dietary modification or supplementation may not be effective in preventing colorectal cancer. Surveillance of colorectal cancer in high‐risk groups, according to current recommendation, is probably most effective.     

PRURITUS AND HLA IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is known to increase morbidity and mortality in the dialysis population. Renal transplantation is an offered treatment option after a careful pretransplant evaluation. This study assessed the impact of HCV infection on patient and allograft survival rates in a selected group of dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients.
The study included 252 end-stage renal disease patients who were receiving hemodialysis (HD) treatment or who received renal transplantation at our centre in 1995–96. Of the total, 116 [94 HCV (–) and 22 HCV (+)] underwent transplantation and 134 [106 HCV (–) and 30 HCV (+)] remained on HD. We retrospectively investigated 5 years of follow-up findings in the records of these patients. All 22 HCV (+) individuals underwent liver biopsy to ensure there was no advanced liver disease before transplantation. None of the recipients or HD patients showed decompensation related to liver disease during follow up.
The overall 5-year patient survival rates for the kidney recipient and HD groups were 85.2% and 74.5%, respectively. Comparison of outcomes for the HCV (+) recipients had a significantly higher 5-year survival rate than the HCV (+) HD patients ( P <0.04). The 3-year graft survival rates for the HCV (+) and HCV (–) transplant recipients were comparable, but the risks of chronic rejection and graft loss at 5 years were higher in the HCV (+) group ( P <0.02, P <0.006, respectively). In conclusion, renal transplantation should be the preferred therapy in HCV-infected dialysis patients because it improves the survival rates. HCV infection is associated with increased rates of chronic rejection and graft loss at 5 years post-transplantation.     

Effect of moderate-to-severe hepatic steatosis on neutralising antibody response among BNT162b2 and CoronaVac recipients

Background/AimsStudies of hepatic steatosis (HS) effect on COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity are lacking. We aimed to compare immunogenicity of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac among moderate/severe HS and control subjects.MethodsTwo hundred ninety-five subjects who received BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccines from five vaccination centers were categorized into moderate/severe HS (controlled attenuation parameter ≥268 dB/m on transient elastography) (n=74) or control (n=221) groups. Primary outcomes were seroconversion rates of neutralising antibody by live virus Microneutralization (vMN) assay (titer ≥10) at day21 (BNT162b2) or day28 (CoronaVac) and day56 (both). Secondary outcome was highest-tier titer response (top 25% of vMN titer; cutoff: 160 [BNT162b2] and 20 [CoronaVac]) at day 56.ResultsFor BNT162b2 (n=228, 77.3%), there was no statistical differences in seroconversion rates (day21: 71.7% vs. 76.6%; day56: 100% vs. 100%) or vMN geometric mean titer (GMT) (day21: 13.2 vs. 13.3; day56: 91.9 vs. 101.4) among moderate/severe HS and control groups respectively. However, lower proportion of moderate/severe HS patients had highest-tier response (day56: 5.0% vs. 15.5%; P=0.037). For CoronaVac (n=67, 22.7%), there was no statistical differences in seroconversion rates (day21: 7.1% vs. 15.1%; day56: 64.3% vs. 83.0%) or vMN GMT (5.3 vs. 5.8,) at day28. However, moderate/severe HS patients had lower vMN GMT (9.1 vs. 14.8, P=0.021) at day 56 with lower proportion having highest-tier response (21.4% vs. 52.8%, P=0.036).ConclusionsWhile there was no difference in seroconversion rate between moderate/severe HS and control groups after two doses of vaccine, a lower proportion of moderate/severe HS patients achieved highest-tier response for either BNT162b2 or CoronaVac.