Treatment of joint pain and joint noises associated with a recent TMJ internal derangement: a comparison of an anterior repositioning splint, a full-arch maxillary stabilization splint, and an untreated control group

Pain and joint noises associated with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement are often treated by using an intra-oral splint. This study evaluated whether an anterior repositioning splint (AR splint) could be more effective in the treatment of these symptoms than a full-arch maxillary stabilization splint (FAMS splint), because of its capability to re-establish immediately the normal condyle/disk relationship. The authors treated 40 patients (average age 16.8; range 8.0-24.0) with confirmed internal derangement, joint pain, and joint noises in at least one TMJ for at least two months, with AR splint (20 subjects) or FAMS splint (20 subjects); 10 untreated patients comprised the control group. Joint noise, joint pain, and the intensity of pain were assessed using a visual analogic scale (VAS), and the pain was characterized (i.e., constant or chewing/biting pain) and evaluated monthly for eight months. Significantly fewer AR splint patients experienced pain after four months of treatment. A significantly lower intensity of pain was experienced by the AR splint patients after two months of treatment. Significantly fewer AR splint patients experienced chewing/biting pain after eight months of treatment. The frequency of joint noises decreased over time, with no significant differences between the groups. In conclusion, the AR splint seems to be more effective in decreasing pain, but it seems to make no difference in the treatment of joint noises.     

Ten years’ activity of the first Italian public hospice for terminally ill patients

We present a review of the first 10 years of the hospice at the Geriatric Institute Pio Albergo Trivulzio of Milan, Italys first public hospice for the admission of terminally ill patients. Over 1200 patients were admitted to the nine-bed hospice between October 1991 and December 2001, most of whom (63%) were referred by the Home Palliative Care Units operating in Milan. The hospice patients are elderly (nearly 60% are 70 or more years of age, median 72 years). Admission to the hospice was until the patients death (74% of patients) after a brief time (4 weeks on average). From the very outset, we have striven to focus our attention on the daily application of the programmes of care inspired by the philosophy and practice of palliative medicine, i.e. the holistic approach and attention devoted to quality of life, multidimensional assessment, and the services of a multiprofessional team to provide, alongside medical and nursing assistance, psychosocial and spiritual support, bereavement support, etc. The continuing education of health workers and the systematic use of a clinical audit tool specifically designed for palliative care, are the two key elements which, in our judgement, have proved to be the most fruitful in reaching the objectives described above. These 10 years of the Pio Albergo Trivulzio Hospice have made a significant contribution towards defining a concrete Italian model which can be applied to the care of the terminally ill inpatient.     

New alpha-(N)-heterocyclichydrazones: evaluation of anticancer, anti-HIV and antimicrobial activity

A series of 3- and 5-methylthiophene-2-carboxaldehyde alpha-(N)-heterocyclichydrazones were synthesized and submitted to an in vitro investigation of their anticancer, anti-HIV and antimicrobial activities. Some of the newly synthesized compounds were found to possess antiproliferative properties, whereas no anti-HIV activity was seen; the most active of the series was the derivative 2i, which exhibited tumour growth inhibition activity against all cell lines displaying GI50 values between 1.63 and 26.5 microM. The title compounds were generally ineffective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while showed a moderate antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. fumigatus.     

Ifosfamide, epirubicin and etoposide (IEV) regimen as salvage and mobilization therapy for refractory or early relapsing patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

The prognosis of early relapsing or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is still poor. Effective salvage therapy should be able to induce high response rate as well as to mobilize hematopoietic precursors. A combination of ifosfamide, epirubicin and etoposide (IEV) was given to 28 patients with refractory or relapsing high grade NHL (4 lymphoblastic lymphoma and 24 large cell lymphoma). All patients were evaluated for response. After 2 courses of IEV, the overall and complete response rate were 64% and 39%, respectively. All patients were controlled for mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells, which was successful in 26 out of 28 (93%). Overall, 25 out of 26 patients proceeded to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Toxicity was mild, with no occurrence of severe persisting extra-hematologic side-effects. Following the entire therapeutic program, including IEV and ASCT, median progression free survival has not yet been reached and 21 patients are alive (18 in continuous complete remission) after a median follow-up of 18 months. Our results demonstrate that treatment with IEV regimen is effective in refractory or relapsing aggressive NHL, resulting in a high percentage of successful stem cell mobilization and feasibility of ASCT.     

Complications of open prosthetic surgery for large incisional hernias

The authors examine the complications of open prosthetic surgery for incisional hernias and analyse them from different points of view. The case series includes, over a period of 16 years, 492 hernioplasties for incisional hernias and 160 (32.5%) for large incisional hernias. The authors stress that the best results have been achieved by the retromuscular placement of prostheses. They conclude that while, on the one hand, the successful use of prosthetic material has marked the end of the inoperability of this pathology, such procedures are closely associated with the development of complications, which were unknown in the pre-prosthetic era and are sometimes very serious and linked to the site of the prosthesis and to the kind of material used.     

Medical risks in epilepsy: a review with focus on physical injuries, mortality, traffic accidents and their prevention

The present review aims at highlighting selective aspects of the medical risks in epilepsy and their prevention. Emphasis is put on accidents and physical injuries, including risk factors and effectiveness of prevention; mortality, its causes, risk factors and prevention of seizure-related deaths, as well as traffic accidents, their risk factors and the effectiveness of prevention. Accidents and injuries are slightly more frequent among people with epilepsy than in the general population. This increased risk is probably most prevalent in patients with symptomatic epilepsy and frequent seizures, most often in combination with associated handicaps. The majority of accidents are trivial and occur at home. The most frequent injuries among patients with epilepsy are contusions, wounds, fractures, abrasions and brain concussions. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR; the ratio of observed number of deaths in a population with epilepsy to that expected, based on age and sex-specific mortality rates in a reference population) in population-based studies of epilepsy is 2-3 compared to the general population. This increased mortality is largely related to the etiology of the epilepsy and is probably not influenced by the treatment of the epilepsy. On the other hand, most fatalities in patients with chronic, therapy resistant epilepsy seem to be seizure-related and often sudden unexpected deaths (SUDEP). The frequency of such seizure-related deaths is most likely to be reduced by intensified treatment aiming at early seizure control, although appropriate studies for definitive evidence are still lacking. Apparently, there is an increased rate of traffic accidents in drivers with epilepsy, even if population-based prospective data are lacking. Many of these accidents are seizure-related. Probably, the extent to which physicians report their patients with uncontrolled epilepsy to the authorities is too low, but this has not yet been explored. Moreover, the preventive measures in legislation may be ignored by many people with epilepsy.