Effects of Different Over – the - Counter Whitening Products on the Microhardness,Surface Roughness,Color and Shear Bond Strength of Enamel

ObjectiveThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of four over-the-counter (OTC) whitening products on the microhardness, surface roughness, color, shear bond strength (SBS) and surface charecteristics of human enamel compared with a product used for dentist-supervised home whitening.Materials and methodsSeventy eight enamel specimens allocated into 6 groups (n=13): 1-Opalescence PF 10% (OP) dentist prescribed home whitening product, 2-Opalescence Go prefilled tray (PT), 3-Opalescence Whitening Toothpaste (WT), 4-Listerine Healthy White whitening mouth rinse (WMR), 5-Cavex Bite&White whitening pen (WP) and 6- no treatment (Con). The microhardness (VHN), surface roughness (Ra) and color of the specimens were measured (T₀). The specimens were then subjected to whitening protocols for 14 days (T₁.) followed by artificial saliva storage for 14 days (T₂). The measurements were repeated at T₁ and T₂. The SBS test was done after the application of 35% phosphoric acid (Scotchbond Universal Etchant), followed by a universal adhesive (G-Premio Bond) and a micro hybrid/universal resin composite (Essentia) into a Teflon tube attached to the enamel surface (p<0.05). Surface morphologies of the enamel surfaces were examined by SEM. p value was set at 0.05ResultsApplication of OP, PT and WP decrased the microhardness of enamel specimens (p<0.05) whereas, no significant changes were seen in the microhardness of enamel specimens treated with WT and WMR (p>0.05). Ra values of enamel specimens increased with the application of OP, PT and WT (p<0.05); whereas no changes were observed after the applications of WMR and WP (p>0.05). OP, PT, WMR, and WP changed the color of the enamel(p<0.05). There were not any significant differences among the SBSs groups, apart from OP applied enamel specimens. OP showed the least SBS values (p=0.001). SEM observations revealed smooth enamel surfaces.ConclusionsThe whitening products affected the microhardness, surface roughness, color of enamel differently. Only OP decreased the SBS of the enamel.     

Causes of acute poisoning in adults: a retrospective study, in a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey

Aim  

Acute poisoning is one of the major topics in emergency medicine practices. Despite the recent developments in toxicology, technological advances and changing lifestyles reveal new factors, and poisoning cases remain to be a problem. All poisonings should be considered serious and independent from their clinical presentation at the time of admission. Identifying the cause and prompt initiation of treatment is life-saving. Causes of poisoning vary between countries and different regions of the same country. In the present study, cases admitted to the Emergency Department of Internal Medicine at Haseki Training and Research Hospital were evaluated and causes of acute poisoning were investigated.     

Patent Foramen Ovale among Patients with Mild Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Unexplained Hypoxia

Purpose: To evaluate whether patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a contributing factor to hypoxia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Twenty‐one patients over 40 years of age with mild COPD (Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)/Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): > 50%) who had hypoxia (PO₂ < 80 mmHg, SaO₂ < 95%) that could not be explained by COPD alone were included in this study. Arterial oxygen pressures (PO₂) and arterial oxygen saturations (SaO₂) were recorded from laboratory evaluations of arterial blood gases. Respiratory function tests were performed to analyze the degree of COPD. Standard and contrast echocardiography was used to calculate pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) levels and to determine patients with a PFO. Results: The mean age of the patients was 64 ± 12 years. Four patients (19%) had a PFO. The mean PO₂, mean SaO₂, and mean PAP levels were 57.4 ± 6.8 mmHg, 90 ± 3.2%, and 33.8 ± 5.4 mmHg, respectively, in patients without PFO. The mean PO₂, mean SaO₂, and mean PAP levels were 46.5 ± 13.7 mmHg, 79.3 ± 12.8%, and 42.5 ± 6.5 mmHg, respectively, in patients with PFO. There were no statistically significant differences noted between the two groups in the PO₂ levels (P = 0.172) and SaO₂ levels (P = 0.065). A comparison of the PAP levels revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups, with values that were more elevated in the PFO group than in the non‐PFO group (P = 0.031). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that PFO is not a contributing factor to deep hypoxia in COPD patients with lower PO₂ and SaO₂ levels; however, higher PAP levels were detected in patients with a PFO. Further studies involving a larger number of patients are needed to be conclusive. (Echocardiography 2010;27:687‐690)     

Associations analysis of GSTM1, T1 and P1 Ile105Val polymorphisms with carpal tunnel syndrome

Oxidative stress was related with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). We aimed to clarify the associations between glutathione S-transferase (GST)M1, GSTT1 and GSTP1-Ile105Val polymorphisms and CTS. One hundred-forty patients with CTS and 97 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Tinel and Phalen signs were noted as positive or negative. Functional and clinical status of patients was evaluated by the Boston Questionnaire. The intensity of hand and/or wrist pain was evaluated on 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS). We applied the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the polymorphisms of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 and the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for detecting the GSTP1-Ile105Val polymorphism. The M1 null genotype was significantly higher in patients with CTS compared to healthy controls, and the M1 null genotype seemed to increase the risk of CTS approximately two-fold (P?=?0.011; odds ratio (OR)?=?1.98; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.17–3.36). The M1 null, T1 present combined genotype was significantly higher in patients with CTS compared to healthy controls (P?=?0.043); however, it seemed not to increase the risk of CTS (P?=?0.14; OR?=?0.62; 95 % CI 0.33–1.76). We found significantly higher levels of the VAS, Boston Symptom Severity Scale and Phalen sign in patients with the Ile/Val or the Val/Val genotypes compared to those in patients with the Ile/Ile genotype (P?=?0.003, 0.004 and 0.044, respectively). We proposed that genes involved in the protection from oxidative stress may influence the susceptibility, clinical and functional status of CTS. The GSTM1 null genotype may be related with the development of CTS, whereas the Val allele of GSTP1-Ile105Val polymorphism may be associated with worse functional and clinical status in CTS.     

Avaliação de Padrões Pressóricos Dipper e Não-Dipper e Qualidade de Vida entre Pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica

BackgroundNon-dipper blood pressure is defined by less than a 10% reduction in nighttime blood pressure, and it is associated with cardiovascular disease. Inflammation is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and non-dipper blood pressure pattern, and both diseases are associated with lower quality of life.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of non-dipper blood pressure pattern in patients with COPD.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out with 142 patients with COPD. The Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire and the Euro Quality of Life Scale were used to collect data. To understand arterial stiffness, the augmentation index and pulse wave velocity were measured, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was subsequently performed. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to understand the relationship between different independent variables and blood pressure pattern. P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsAs a result, 76.1% (n = 108) of the patients had non-dipper blood pressure pattern. Non-dipper patients had higher C-reactive protein (OR:1.123; 95% CI:1.016;1.242), augmentation index (OR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.011;1.105) and Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire total score (OR: 1.021; 95% CI: 1.001;1.042) than dipper patients. Also, as the number of people living at home increased, non-dipper blood pressure pattern was found to be more frequent (OR: 1.339; 95% CI: 1.009;1.777).ConclusionNon-dipper blood pressure pattern may increase cardiovascular risk by triggering inflammation and may adversely affect the prognosis of COPD by lowering the disease-related quality of life. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)     

Nanofibrous gelatine scaffolds integrated with nerve growth factor‐loaded alginate microspheres for brain tissue engineering

Neural regeneration research is designed in part to develop strategies for therapy after nerve damage due to injury or disease. In this study, a new gelatine‐based biomimetic scaffold was fabricated for brain tissue engineering applications. A technique combining thermally induced phase separation and porogen leaching was used to create interconnected macropores and nanofibrous structure. To promote tissue regeneration processes, the scaffolds were integrated with nerve growth factor (NGF)‐loaded alginate microspheres. The results showed that nanofibrous matrix could only be obtained when gelatine concentration was at least 7.5% (w/v). The scaffold with a modulus value (1.2 kPa) similar to that of brain tissue (0.5–1 kPa) was obtained by optimizing the heat treatment time, macropore size and gelatine concentration. The encapsulation efficiencies of NGF into 0.1% and 1% alginate microspheres were 85% and 100%, respectively. The release rate of NGF from the microspheres was controlled by the alginate concentration and the poly(L‐lysine) coating. The immobilization of the microspheres in the scaffold reduced burst release and significantly extended the release period. The nanofibrous architecture and controlled release of NGF from the microspheres induced neurite extension of PC12 cells, demonstrating that the released NGF was in an active form. The results suggest that the scaffolds prepared in this study may have potential applications in brain tissue engineering due to topologic and mechanical properties similar to brain tissue and pore structure suitable for cell growth and differentiation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of the E-test method with an automated bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility detection system for screening extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers

Some automated systems used in clinical microbiology laboratories are able to detect products responsible for antimicrobial resistance. In this study, 626 isolates (436 Escherichia coli, 134 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 56 Klebsiella oxytoca strains) were examined for the presumptive detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production by 2 methods: the Sceptor system (BD, Sparks, MD, USA) and the E-test. ESBL production was detected in 26 E. coli strains (5.96%), 60 K. pneumoniae strains (44.77%) and 15 K. oxytoca strains (26.78%) by ceftazidime/ceftazidime-clavulanate E-test. Using the E-test, ESBL production was detected in 25 of 201 E. coli strains (12.43%), 55 of 75 K. pneumoniae (73.33%) and 14 of 27 K. oxytoca strains (51.85%) that were alerted as ESBL-producing strains by the Sceptor system. ESBL positivity was detected in 1 E. coli, 5 K. pneumoniae and 1 K. oxytoca strains, that were not warned as being ESBL producers by the Sceptor system. These data suggest that clinical microbiology laboratories should not only rely on these rapid automated systems but also use another method for screening ESBL producers, such as the E-test. The rates of these ESBL-producing isolates in this study were lower than those in other studies reported from other parts of Turkey, but higher than those reported from the USA and Europe.