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PURPOSE
The pragmatic utility method of concept analysis was used to explore the usefulness of the concept self‐care self‐efficacy.DATA SOURCES
Empirical studies across disciplines published between 1996 and 2015 were used as data.DATA SYNTHESIS
A data matrix was developed. Analytical questions and responses were derived from the data to understand patterns, develop new knowledge and achieve synthesis.CONCLUSION
Usefulness of the concept is contingent on how it is defined and measured. Self‐care self‐efficacy is associated with performance of self‐care activities and positive health outcomes in diverse populations.IMPLICATIONS
Research can guide development of targeted interventions to increase patients' self‐care self‐efficacy, thus reducing costs, and assisting people to achieve optimal health. 相似文献This review article provides a detailed discussion of studies in which microextraction techniques are applied for the determination of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in biological samples. Definitions and classifications of NPS are highlighted as well as the fundamentals of the microextraction techniques used in their analyses.
MethodsA complete literature search was carried out with PubMed, Scopus and the World Wide Web using relevant keywords, e.g., NPS, microextraction and biological fluids.
ResultsThe determinations of NPS in biological samples remain a challenge for analytical laboratories due to its wide diversity of compounds. The utilization of microextraction techniques in this context is still not many. However, the 96 deep well plate for microextraction and microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) can be highlighted as the most explored configurations. Microextraction approaches have the potential to be further improved and optimized to provide rapid and low-cost analyses with reliable results.
ConclusionsThere is a wide scope of microextraction techniques to be explored in the field of toxicology and NPS determinations. These techniques are compatible with recent trends of automation and miniaturization, which can enable a straightforward workflow for NPS analyses.
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