Cytokeratin expression in a congenital multipotential primitive neuroectodermal tumor

A case of an uncommon congenital primitive neuroectodermal cerebellar tumor (PNET) in a 5-month-old child is reported. After subtotal surgical resection, the residual tumor did not respond to radiation and chemotherapy. Histologically, the tumor was composed of small, round, undifferentiated cells and several other patterns like astrocytomatous, oligodendrogliomatous, and ependymomatous structures. Immunostaining was positive for most of the cells for vimentin and S 100, fewer were positive for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and neuron-specific enolase, and only a few for synaptophysin. Surprisingly, the tumor showed strong expression of several monoclonal cytokeratins (CK) with different molecular weights, together with epithelial membrane antigen. Furthermore, we found a coexpression of the tumor cells for CK and vimentin, while CK-GFAP and CK-S 100 were negative. Ultrastructurally, intracyto-plasmic intermediate filaments could be observed corresponding to immunohistochemical CK expression. The very strong CK and vimentin expression in this case was interpreted as a sign of the embryonic nature of the tumor.     

Time-dependent effects of ovarian steroids on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the limbic forebrain of female rats

Summary In this work, we have studied the time-course of the effects of pharmacological administration of ovarian steroids on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in the limbic forebrain of ovariectomized rats. Administration of estradiol produced a late decrease in TH activity. This effect was found 24 hours after the last steroid injection, disappearing at 32 hours. It was antagonized by progesterone, since a single injection of this steroid to estradiol-pretreated rats reversed to control values the estradiol-induced decrease. Nevertheless, the administration of progesterone after estradiol treatment caused a short-time decrease in the limbic activity of TH, which was observed 4 hours after the last steroid injection, disappearing subsequently. On the other hand, the administration of progesterone alone produced a biphasic effect, with a reduction at 24 hours, followed by an increase at 32 hours. These effects were only observed in the animals non-treated with estradiol, disappearing with a previous treatment with estrogens. Hence, it can be concluded that both ovarian steroids may affect the limbic TH activity. Thus, estradiol produced a late inhibitory effect on the activity of this enzyme, which was antagonized by progesterone. Administration of the last one to estradiol-treated rats produced a short-time inhibitory effect, whereas its administration to non-treated rats produced a late biphasic effect (inhibition followed by stimulation), which was not observed in estradiol-treated rats.     

Ubiquitin and heat shock protein expression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The expression of two heat shock proteins, HSP72 and p57, in addition to ubiquitin, has been studied immunocytochemically in nine amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases and 10 age-matched controls. HSP72 and p57 antibodies did not identify the characteristic ubiquitin-immunoreactive inclusions present in anterior horn cells in ALS spinal cord. Antibodies to HSP72, but not to p57 or ubiquitin, strongly labelled structures corresponding to polyglucosan bodies in spinal grey matter. Such immunoreactive profiles were more abundant in ALS cases, although they were also present in control material. They were sometimes identified by haematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid Schiff reaction, but were not labeled by phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin or by antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein. Although ubiquitin, HSP72 and p57 are stress-induced proteins, they are expressed differently and might therefore have different significance in neuronal degeneration.     

Dopaminergic transmission in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus to produce acupuncture analgesia in correlation with the pituitary gland

Acupuncture analgesia (AA) caused by low frequency stimulation of the acupuncture point (AP) was abolished by hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy. Termination of the AA producing pathway from the AP to the pituitary gland was in the medial hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (M-HARN). The origin of the descending pain inhibitory system associated with AA was in the posterior HARN (P-HARN). AA in the hypophysectomized rats, and enhanced neuronal activity in the P-HARN that were abolished during acupuncture stimulation, were both restored by intraperitoneal microinjection of 0.5 mg/kg morphine or 0.1 micrograms beta-endorphin into the P-HARN during acupuncture stimulation. Of the analgesia produced by dopamine or beta-endorphin injected into the P-HARN, that caused by beta-endorphin disappeared after denervation of the M-HARN. The P-HARN neurons that responded to acupuncture stimulation also responded to iontophoretic dopamine, but not to iontophoretic morphine nor ultramicroinjected beta-endorphin. The transmission between the M-HARN and P-HARN may be dopaminergic, and beta-endorphin might presynaptically modulate this transmission. Reduction of sodium ions may have been the reason for abolition of AA after adrenalectomy.     

A correlation between muscular strength and hydroxyproline concentration in human patellar tendon

The connective tissue of the knee is frequently injured by athletes, especially those involved in contact sports. It would be important in the prevention of injury as well as the strategy of physical fitness training to know whether the connective tissue is modified in response to athletic stress or training. The potential modification investigated was variability in the concentration of hydroxyproline, a post-translationally modified imino acid found principally in collagen protein. A correlation was sought between this variability and the leg strength parameters torque (expressed as ft-lbs), torque/body weight and work (expressed as ft-lbs). In a preliminary study of five subjects, no correlation was found between hydroxyproline concentration of the patellar tendon and any of the leg strength parameters. These results suggest that this modification of the collagen in connective tissue does not occur in response to athletic stress or training, but rather, for the small number of subjects investigated, appeared to be relatively constant across a range of leg strengths.     

Central nervous control of hepatic circulation.

This study was undertaken to assess the role of the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata in regulation of liver circulation in anesthetized dogs. Blood pressure, flow in hepatic artery and portal vein, and shifts of blood volume in the liver were recorded. Stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus produced changes in arterial pressure which were followed by passive changes in hepatic arterial blood flow; changes in hepatic artery resistance were rather small. Stimulation of the medial and posterior hypothalamus increased hepatic arterial resistance by 65-170%. Liver portal blood flow during stimulation of most of the hypothalamic sites decreased, hepatic portal pressure rose and vascular portal venous resistance increased 2.5-3 times. Three areas only (sympatho-inhibitory area, paraventricular and lateral hypothalamic nuclei) when stimulated produced dilatation of hepatic portal and splanchnic vascular beds, thus increasing portal blood flow. All cases of stimulation led to the decrease of blood volume in the liver by 10-36%. Stimulation of medullary structures (n. tractus solitarii, reticular nn.) caused similar changes in hepatic circulation, however the amplitude of reaction was 1.5-6 times smaller than upon hypothalamic stimulation. Central impulses to the hepatic vessels are transmitted by sympathetic adrenergic nerve fibers through vascular alpha-adrenoreceptors. It is concluded that the hypothalamic level of the central nervous system, unlike the bulbar one, exerts considerable, differentiated, well coordinated and to some extent specific influences on hepatic circulation.     

The National Commission on Nursing Implementation Project

On May 1, 1991, the National Commission on Nursing Implementation Project officially concluded. Its legacy is one of interdisciplinary collaboration and continuing work to redesign nursing education, practice, and research systems.