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11.
Jerry R. Nedelman Ekaterina Gibiansky Francis L. S. Tse Christine Babiuk 《Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics》1993,21(3):323-334
Five major objectives for pharmacokinetic investigations in support of toxicity studies are identified as follows: Assess whether animals exhibited measurable blood concentrations in a dose-dependent manner; estimate average area under the concentration- time curve (AUC)and maximal concentration (C
max
)for each treatment group; elucidate general patterns in the concentration-time (CxT)profile, and summarize relationships between CxTand treatment group; determine CxTdependence on day into study; and judge interanimal variability and identify any animals with unusual concentration response. Such objectives are generally addressed in rodent toxicity studies by including satellite animals in the study. Satellite animals are extra animals dosed as per protocol but not subjected to toxicological and pathological observations and tests. Instead, they are used exclusively for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic characteristics of the test compound. In this paper, methods are described for achieving the five listed pharmacokinetic objectives in rodent toxicity studies without the use of satellite animals. A rat toxicity study is presented as an example. 相似文献
12.
Anton V. Barsukov Alexander E. Korovin Leonid P. Churilov Ekaterina V. Borisova Dmitry V. Tovpeko 《Pathophysiology》2022,29(3):453
Low-intensity systemic inflammation is an important element of heart failure pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to assess proinflammatory status serum indicators (C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6)) in middle-aged males (M) and females (F) with essential hypertension (HTN) depending on left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction (LVDD). The main group comprised 55 M and 49 F with the first- to second-severity grade HTN with mild heart failure and a preserved LV ejection fraction ≥50%. Patients had sinus rhythm, first or second-severity degree LVDD, LV hypertrophy, left atrium dilatation, and NT-proBNP > 125 pg/mL. Comparison group: 30 hypertensives without cardiac dysfunction; control group: 31 normotensives. Quantitative features were compared using the Mann–Whitney test, median χ2, ANOVA module. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were determined to identify the relationship between the proinflammatory pattern and exercise tolerance. Hypertensive M had markedly higher CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels compared to F. All mean values corresponded to reference range. In patients with second-degree LVDD, CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were significantly greater than in subjects with first-degree LVDD (both within M and within F samples). Significant negative associations between CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α levels and the 6 min walk test existed in hypertensive M and F. The study demonstrated a close relationship between the proinflammatory pattern and LVDD and exercise tolerance indicators, regardless of the hypertensive patient’s sex. 相似文献
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Fedor M. Zurabov Ekaterina A. Chernevskaya Natalia V. Beloborodova Alexander Yu. Zurabov Marina V. Petrova Mikhail Ya. Yadgarov Valentina M. Popova Oleg E. Fatuev Vladislav E. Zakharchenko Marina M. Gurkova Ekaterina A. Sorokina Egor A. Glazunov Tatiana A. Kochetova Victoria V. Uskevich Artem N. Kuzovlev Andrey V. Grechko 《Viruses》2022,14(12)
Increasing evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and may persist long after disease resolution. The excessive use of antimicrobials in patients with COVID-19 can lead to additional destruction of the microbiota, as well as to the growth and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics encourages the search for alternative methods of limiting bacterial growth and restoring the normal balance of the microbiota in the human body. Bacteriophages are promising candidates as potential regulators of the microbiota. In the present study, two complex phage cocktails targeting multiple bacterial species were used in the rehabilitation of thirty patients after COVID-19, and the effectiveness of the bacteriophages against the clinical strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae was evaluated for the first time using real-time visualization on a 3D Cell Explorer microscope. Application of phage cocktails for two weeks showed safety and the absence of adverse effects. An almost threefold statistically significant decrease in the anaerobic imbalance ratio, together with an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), was detected. This work will serve as a starting point for a broader and more detailed study of the use of phages and their effects on the microbiome. 相似文献
15.
Julia V. Ershova Grigory V. Volchenkov Dorothy A. Kaminski Tatiana R. Somova Tatiana A. Kuznetsova Natalia V. Kaunetis J. Peter Cegielski Ekaterina V. Kurbatova 《Emerging infectious diseases》2015,21(11):2048-2051
We studied the epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in Vladimir Region, Russia, in 2012. Most cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) were caused by transmission of drug-resistant strains, and >33% were in patients referred for testing after mass radiographic screening. Early diagnosis of drug resistance is essential for preventing transmission of MDR TB. 相似文献
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Mohammed H. Elkomy Pervez Sultan David R. Drover Ekaterina Epshtein Jeffery L. Galinkin Brendan Carvalho 《Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy》2014,58(6):3504-3513
The objectives of this work were (i) to characterize the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean delivery and in their neonates; (ii) to assess cefazolin transplacental transmission; (iii) to evaluate the dosing and timing of preoperative, prophylactic administration of cefazolin to pregnant women; and (iv) to investigate the impact of maternal dosing on therapeutic duration and exposure in newborns. Twenty women received 1 g of cefazolin preoperatively. Plasma concentrations of total cefazolin were analyzed from maternal blood samples taken before, during, and after delivery; umbilical cord blood samples obtained at delivery; and neonatal blood samples collected 24 h after birth. The distribution volume of cefazolin was 9.44 liters/h. The values for pre- and postdelivery clearance were 7.18 and 4.12 liters/h, respectively. Computer simulations revealed that the probability of maintaining free cefazolin concentrations in plasma above 8 mg/liter during scheduled caesarean surgery was <50% in the cord blood when cefazolin was administered in doses of <2 g or when it was administered <1 h before delivery. Therapeutic concentrations of cefazolin persisted in neonates >5 h after birth. Cefazolin clearance increases during pregnancy, and larger doses are recommended for surgical prophylaxis in pregnant women to obtain the same antibacterial effect as in nonpregnant patients. Cefazolin has a longer half-life in neonates than in adults. Maternal administration of up to 2 g of cefazolin is effective and produces exposure within clinically approved limits in neonates. 相似文献
19.
Denis A. Mogilenko Oleg Shpynov Prabhakar Sairam Andhey Laura Arthur Amanda Swain Ekaterina Esaulova Simone Brioschi Irina Shchukina Martina Kerndl Monika Bambouskova Zhangting Yao Anwesha Laha Konstantin Zaitsev Samantha Burdess Susan Gillfilan Sheila A. Stewart Marco Colonna Maxim N. Artyomov 《Immunity》2021,54(1):99-115.e12
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