Earlier intervention in type 2 diabetes: the case for achieving early and sustained glycaemic control

In type 2 diabetes, the onset and progression of complications is significantly delayed by improving glycaemic control. However, the proportion of patients reaching and sustaining guideline recommendations for glycaemic targets remains unacceptably low. Recent clinical trials and predictive physiologically based mathematical simulations (Archimedes model) indicate that benefits can be enhanced with earlier intervention and timely achievement of glycaemic targets. This article reviews the evidence for early intervention, showing that intensive approaches, including earlier introduction of combination therapy, allow more patients to achieve glycaemic targets and hence reduce complications and delay disease progression.     

Structure-Based Design of Type II Inhibitors Applied to Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase

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The severe combined immunodeficient-human peripheral blood stem cell (SCID-huPBSC) mouse: a xenotransplant model for huPBSC-initiated hematopoiesis

Mononuclear cells (MNCs) containing peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) were obtained from solid-tumor patients undergoing mobilizing chemotherapy followed by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for PBSC transplantation-supported dose-intensified anticancer chemotherapy and were transplanted into unconditioned "nonleaky" young severe combined immunodeficient mice. Multilineage engraftment was shown by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antibodies to various human cell surface antigens as well as identification of human immunoglobulin in murine sera. Within a dose range of MNCs suitable for transplantation (10 to 36 x 10(6) cells/graft) the number of CD34+ cells injected (optimal at > 0.7 x 10(6)/graft) determined the yield of human cells produced in recipient animals. Engraftment of hu PBSC preparations resulted in prolonged generation of physiologic levels of human cytokines including interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which were detectable in the murine blood over a period of at least 4 months. In vivo survival of immature human progenitor cells was preserved even 9 months after transplantation. Because human IL-3 is known to stimulate early hematopoiesis, a rat fibroblast cell line was stably transfected with a retroviral vector carrying the human IL-3 gene and cotransplanted subcutaneously as additional source of growth factor. Cotransplants of this cell line producing sustained in vivo levels of circulating human IL-3 for at least 12 weeks significantly accelerated the process of engraftment of huPBSC and spurred the spread of mature human cells to the murine spleen, liver, thymus, and peripheral blood. Cotransplants of allogeneic human bone marrow stromal cells derived from long-term cultures resulted in a comparable--though less prominent--support of engraftment.     

Photocatalysis of nanocomposite titania–natural silica as antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The entries of pathogenic bacteria into the human body remain a severe problem to health that can be prevented using antibacterial agents. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic technique using semiconductor nanocomposite TiO₂–SiO₂ has great potential as an antibacterial method. In order to utilize natural resources, SiO₂ supporting materials are obtained from the extraction of beach sand due to the high silica content. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize a nanocomposite of TiO₂ with SiO₂ extracted from beach sand as an antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity test used the dilution and optical density method. Based on XRD analysis, the crystals of TiO₂ in the synthesized composites showed a more dominant anatase structure. Furthermore, Ti–O–Si bonds were identified from the IR spectrum, which showed the interaction between TiO₂ and SiO₂. In addition, SEM-EDX results showed agglomerated spherical particles with a TiO₂–SiO₂ nanocomposite particle size of 40–107 nm. The best antibacterial activity was demonstrated by the 1 : 0.5 TiO₂–SiO₂ nanocomposite, with inactivation percentages of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa of 98.69% and 97.44%, respectively.

TiO₂ material is composited with silica obtained from natural sand with indirect sonochemistry method. The addition of SiO₂ increase the photocatalyst activity of TiO₂ as an antibacterial against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.