Prevalence and Correlates of Condom Use and HIV Testing Among Female Sex Workers in Tashkent,Uzbekistan: Implications for HIV Transmission

Little is known about sex work in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, despite rapid increases in HIV infection. Consistent client condom use and prior HIV testing are described among 448 female sex workers (FSW) completing a self-administered questionnaire, health provider interview, and HIV testing between April 2003 and March 2004. Participants were recruited through outreach workers using modified snowball sampling. Consistent client condom use was more likely for FSW who were married, knew condoms prevent HIV, and from countries in south Central Asia. Prior HIV testing was less likely for FSW younger than 21 years, who shared drugs with clients, initiated sex work at 18 years or less and had engaged in sex work less than 2 years. Low rates of condom use, particularly by those with risky drug behaviors, indicate that targeted risk-reduction interventions are urgently needed.     

Prevalence and correlates of risky sexual behaviors among injection drug users in Tashkent, Uzbekistan

The objective of this paper is to describe prevalence and correlates of sexual risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDUs) in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Participants in this cross-sectional study completed a questionnaire detailing sociodemographic, medical and drug and sexual risk behaviors and HIV antibody testing. Of 701 IDUs surveyed, only 20.5% reported consistent condom use, which was more likely for women. Prior sexually-transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis was reported by 36.2% of participants and was associated with early (相似文献   

贵池日本血吸虫对江苏沿海地区钉螺感染性的初步研究

目的　了解异地血吸虫品系对江苏省沿海残存钉螺的感染性。方法　用安徽省贵池现场感染性钉螺逸出的尾蚴感染家兔所取得的毛蚴 ,以毛蚴与钉螺 2 0∶ 1感染现场采集的钉螺 ,比较钉螺感染率和尾蚴逸出前期。结果　贵池血吸虫对如东、东台和贵池 3地钉螺感染率分别为 4 .35 %、16 .0 0 %和 4 0 .5 8% ,尾蚴平均逸出前期分别为 (72 .6 9± 8.73) d、(6 8.35± 5 .78) d和 (71.5 0± 9.0 7)d,贵池血吸虫对当地钉螺感染率显著高于对江苏沿海钉螺的感染率 (x1 2 =2 4 .5 8,x2 2 =14 .35 ,P <0 .0 1) ,尾蚴逸出前期差异无显著性 (t1 =0 .0 2 35 ,t2 =0 .1732 ,P>0 .1)。结论　江苏沿海地区钉螺在室内能被贵池血吸虫实验感染 ,长江流域血吸虫的输入 ,有可能导致血吸虫病的再流行     

Evaluation of a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test for rotavirus antigen in faeces

A new commercial test for the diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis was assessed. With some modifications it compared favourably with electron microscopy and immunofluorescence.     

Familial hemiplegic migraine: a clinical comparison of families linked and unlinked to chromosome 19

We compared the clinical characteristics of 50 patients from three unrelated families with familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) linked to chromosome 19, with those of 20 patients from two families with FHM not linked to chromosome 19. We found no significant differences for age at onset, frequency and duration of attacks, duration of the paresis, and occurrence of basilar migraine symptoms. In the linked families, significantly more patients reported unconsciousness during attacks (39%, vs 15%; p<0.05) and provocation of attacks by mild head trauma (70% vs 40%; p< 0.05). In one linked family patients also displayed chronic progressive cerebellar ataxia, whereas in one unlinked family benign infantile convulsions occurred in addition to FHM. Interestingly, so far an association with cerebellar ataxia was only described in chromosome 19-linked families. FHM linked to chromosome 19 and FHM unlinked to chromosome 19 do not differ with respect to clinical features.     

The significance of HLA-DRB1 matching on clinical outcome after HLA-A, B, DR identical unrelated donor marrow transplantation

Despite matching for serologically defined HLA-A, B, DR antigens, acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication contributing to increased morbidity and mortality in patients who undergo marrow transplantation from unrelated donors. The extent to which unrecognized mismatching for alleles that encode DR1-DR18 contribute to the increased risk of acute GVHD and overall survival is unknown. We analyzed 364 patients and their HLA-A, B, DR serologically matched donors to determine whether molecular typing of DRB1 alleles can allow more accurate donor/recipient matching and thereby improve clinical outcome after marrow transplantation. DRB1 alleles were typed by sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization methods. Selected alleles were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Of the 364 pairs, 305 were matched and 59 were mismatched for DRB1. The probability of moderate to severe acute GVHD was .48 for the matched and .70 for the mismatched patients. Compared with mismatched patients, the estimated relative risk (RR) of GVHD for matched patients was .58 (95% confidence interval [CI], .40 to .85). DRB1 matching decreased the risk of transplant- related mortality (RR, .66; 95% CI, .44 to .97) and was associated with decreased overall mortality (RR, .71; 95% CI, .51 to 1.0). Therefore, matching DRB1 alleles of the donor and recipient decreases the risk of acute GVHD and improves survival after unrelated marrow transplantation. These results indicate that prospective matching of patients and donors for DRB1 alleles is warranted.     

Bone marrow transplantation for patients with Philadelphia chromosome- positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We report the treatment outcome of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in ten patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Six patients are alive and well for 6 to 30 months (median 19 months) after transplantation. Four patients died with transplant related complications. In view of the poor prognosis associated with this disease, marrow ablation followed by allogeneic or syngeneic marrow grafting may be the preferred treatment modality if a suitable marrow donor is available.     

Association between pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma, malignant liver cysts, and polycystic disease of the kidney

Polycystic kidney disease is an autosomal dominant disease that may be associated with cystic disease of the liver. In women, the cysts may develop early and be more troublesome than in men. Cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas is uncommon, comprising 1% of primary pancreatic malignancies. This case report is the first to describe a familial association between polycystic kidney disease and cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas and liver in the English medical literature. A patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and multiple hepatic cysts developed cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas with multiple malignant liver cysts. The patient's mother, sister, and niece had ADPKD, and the patient's sister also died of pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma. We believe that the development of these two disease entities in which the primary pathology is cyst formation has a genetic association. (Gastroenterology 1997 Jun;112(6):2104-7)     

甘露聚糖、壳聚糖、α-酸性糖蛋白和姜黄素对脂蛋白(a)和去唾液酸脂蛋白(a)代谢影响的对比分析

分析多糖和姜黄素对脂蛋白 (a)和去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)代谢的影响 ,从刺猬腋下静脉注入甘露聚糖、壳聚糖、α -酸性糖蛋白和姜黄素 ,2min后注射12 5I-脂蛋白 (a)或12 5I-去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a) ,1h后处死动物 ,测定血、肝、肾、脾、胆汁和肾上腺的同位素含量。结果发现 ,脂蛋白 (a)去唾液酸后能大量进入肝脏 ,加速在体内的分解代谢 ,使血中浓度迅速降低。α -酸性糖蛋白抑制组织对脂蛋白 (a)和去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)的摄入 ,使血中脂蛋白 (a)和去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)含量显著增高。壳聚糖和姜黄素增加肝脏和肾上腺对脂蛋白 (a)的摄取 ,使血中脂蛋白 (a)含量略降低 ,但对去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)代谢无明显影响。甘露聚糖增加脾脏对脂蛋白 (a)的摄取 ,减少胆囊中脂蛋白 (a)含量 ,但增加肾脏和胆囊对去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)的摄取 ,降低肾上腺对去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)的摄取。结果提示 ,脂蛋白 (a)去唾液酸后能使脂蛋白 (a)分解代谢加快 ,脂蛋白 (a)分子中的唾液酸在结构稳定中起重要的作用。α -酸性糖蛋白抑制脂蛋白 (a)和去唾液酸脂蛋白 (a)代谢 ,而壳聚糖和姜黄素则促进脂蛋白 (a)代谢