“Amnesia” for Summer Camps and High School Graduation: Memory Work Increases Reports of Prior Periods of Remembering Less

Claims regarding amnesia for childhood sexual abuse have often been based on studies of adults' responses to questions of the form, “Was there ever a period of time when you remembered less of the abuse than you do now?” In this experiment, 43 adult (mean age = 42) participants rated their current and prior memories of several nontraumatic childhood/adolescent events. Reports of prior periods of less memory were fairly common. Participants then engaged in “reminiscence” or “enhanced” retrieval activities directed toward remembering more about a selected target event. Following retrieval, 35% of the reminiscence condition participants reported prior poor memory for the target event, as did 70% of the enhanced condition. These results highlight the need for appropriate control conditions in retrospective studies of amnesia for childhood trauma.     

Azoxymethane-induced colon tumors and aberrant crypt foci in mice of different genetic susceptibility

Azoxymethane (AOM) is an organotropic colon carcinogen that is commonly used to induce colon tumors in rodents. Unlike its parent compound, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), a tumor susceptibility phenotype in inbred mice with respect to AOM has not been established. Thus, this study was undertaken to determine whether genetic susceptibility extends to this carcinogen. SWR/J, A/J (both susceptible to DMH carcinogenesis) and AKR/J (resistant) mice were treated with 10 mg/kg AOM i.p. once a week for 8 weeks. Twenty-five weeks after the initial injection, tumor yield was determined. With a single exception, only SWR/J and A/J mice developed tumors, with a distribution that was limited to the distal colon (16.3±1.1 and 36.4±2.4, respectively). The formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), putative preneoplastic lesions, was also assessed in whole-mount colons using Methylene Blue staining. Consistent with tumor multiplicity, the total number of ACF was highest in A/J mice, followed by SWR/J mice. In addition, A/J mice had a significantly greater number of large ACF (five or more crypts per foci) than the other strains. Despite the absence of colon tumors, however, AKR/J mice did develop a significant number of ACF. This finding suggests that ACF in resistant mice are persistent but do not progress to tumors.     

Species differences in the disposition of the CCR5 antagonist, UK-427,857, a new potential treatment for HIV.

UK-427,857 (4, 4-difluoro-N-[(1S)-3-[exo-3-(3-isopropyl-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl]-1-phenylpropyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide) is a novel CCR5 antagonist undergoing investigation for use in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies have been performed in mouse, rat, dog, and human after single and multiple administration by oral and intravenous routes. The compound has physicochemical properties that are borderline for good pharmacokinetics, being moderately lipophilic (log D(7.4) 2.1) and basic (pK(a) 7.3), possessing a number of H-bonding functionalities, and with a molecular weight of 514. The compound was incompletely absorbed in rat (approximately 20-30%) but well absorbed in dog (>70%). Based on in vitro studies in Caco-2 cells, UK-427,857 has relatively poor membrane permeability, and transcellular flux is enhanced in the presence of inhibitors of P-glycoprotein. Further evidence for the involvement of P-glycoprotein in restricting the oral absorption of UK-427,857 was obtained in P-glycoprotein null mice (mdr1a/mdr1b knockout). In these animals, AUC after oral administration was 3-fold higher than in control animals. In oral dose escalation studies in humans, the compound demonstrated nonlinear pharmacokinetics, with increased dose-normalized exposure with increased dose size, consistent with saturation of P-glycoprotein. The oral dose-exposure relationship of UK-427,857 in humans was not reflected in either rat or dog. In animal species and humans, UK-427,857 undergoes some metabolism, with parent compound the major component present in the systemic circulation and excreta. Elimination of radioactive dose was primarily via the feces. In rat, parent compound was secreted via bile and directly into the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolites were products of oxidative metabolism and showed a high degree of structural consistency across species.     

Phase III study of fluorouracil, leucovorin, and levamisole in high-risk stage II and III colon cancer: final report of Intergroup 0089.

PURPOSE: In 1990, fluorouracil (FU) plus levamisole for 1 year became standard adjuvant treatment for patients with high-risk stages II and III colon cancer. Intergroup (INT) 0089 assessed the relative contributions of leucovorin and levamisole in such patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1988 to 1992, 3,794 patients were randomly assigned. Experimental treatment consisted of one of three chemotherapy regimens: the low-dose leucovorin plus FU (Mayo Clinic; LDLV) regimen, the high-dose leucovorin plus FU (Roswell Park; HDLV) regimen, and the low-dose leucovorin plus levamisole plus FU (LDLV plus LEV) regimen, each administered for 30 to 32 weeks. The control arm was levamisole plus FU (LEV) for 1 year. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 10 years, of 3,561 eligible patients, 1,691 (47%) have died and 1,330 (37%) have experienced disease recurrence; 137 (10%) of those experiencing recurrence are still alive. A total of 481 patients (13%) died without evidence of recurrence, and 1,723 (48%) are alive and disease free. Although there were toxicity differences among the four arms, none was statistically superior in disease-free or overall survival. CONCLUSION: The 6- to 8-month regimens of LDLV and HDLV without levamisole used in this trial, rather than the previous standard regimen of 12 months of LEV, have become widely used. INT-0089 has long-term follow-up of the largest clinical trial of patients with high-risk colon cancer, documenting not only the durability of the treatment effects, but also the natural history of patients with high-risk colon cancer, and analyses of treatment based on age, race, and comorbid conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and second primary cancers.     

Factors Associated with High Myopia After 7 Years of Follow-up in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) Cohort

Purpose: To evaluate factors associated with the development of high myopia (worse than ?6.00 D) over 7 years of follow-up in the COMET cohort. Methods: COMET enrolled 469 ethnically diverse children (6–11 years) with myopia between ?1.25 and ?4.50 D. They were randomized to either progressive addition lenses (PALs) or single vision lenses (SVLs), and followed for 5 years in their original lens assignment and 2 additional years wearing either spectacles (PALs or SVLs) or contact lenses. Refractive error was measured annually by cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length by A-Scan ultrasonography. Myopia for each child was defined as the mean spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) of the 2 eyes. Analyses were based on 7 years of follow-up. Time to high myopia was analyzed by Cox proportional hazard models and linear regression. Parental refraction data were available from 240 COMET subjects. Results: Younger (6–7 years) versus older (11 years) age at baseline was a significant risk factor (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 6.6, 95% CI = 3.4, 12.7) for having high myopia within 7 years. More (SER from ?2.26 to ?4.50 D) vs. less (SER from ?1.25 to ?2.25 D) baseline myopia was also a significant risk factor for high myopia at 7 years (adjusted HR = 7.4, 95% CI = 4.4, 12.4). Gender, ethnicity, and treatment assignment were not associated with the risk of high myopia within 7 years. Increased number of myopic parents was associated with a significant risk of high myopia in the children (p = 0.008). Conclusions: Children who developed high myopia during 7 years of follow-up were younger and had more myopia at baseline. They also were more likely to have two myopic parents. These children may be at greater risk for sight-threatening conditions later in life.     

Dapsone hydroxylamine-mediated alterations in human red blood cells from endometriotic patients

Endometriosis, an estrogen-dependent chronic gynecological disease in women of reproductive age, is characterized by a systemic inflammation status involving also red blood cells (RBCs). In this study, we evaluated how the protein oxidative status could be involved in the worsening of RBC conditions due to dapsone intake in endometriotic women in potential treatment for skin or infection diseases. Blood samples from two groups of volunteers, control group (CG) and endometriosis patient group (PG), were analyzed for their content of band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation (Tyr-P) and high molecular weight aggregate (HMWA) in membranes, and glutathione (GSH) content and carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in cytosol. In endometriotic patients, RBC showed the highest level of oxidative-related alterations both in membrane and cytosol. More interestingly, the addition of dapsone hydroxylamine (DDS-NHOH) could induce further increase of both membranes and cytosol markers, with an enhancement of CA activity reaching about 66% of the total cell enzyme amount. In conclusion, in PG the systemic inflammatory status leads to the inability of counteracting adjunctive oxidative stress, with a potential involvement of CA-related pathologies, such as glaucoma. Hence, the importance of the evaluation of therapeutic approaches worsening oxidative imbalance present in PG RBC is underlined.     

Combination high-dose etoposide and vincristine infusion

Following the identification of a synergistic antitumor effect in a murine model, the combination of etoposide and vincristine has been explored in the clinic. Etoposide was given at 4 dose levels (250, 500, 750 or 1,000 mg/m²) with each dose given in 3 equal fractions daily for 3 days. The dose of vincristine was fixed (two 0.75 mg infusions over 22 hours each between doses of etoposide). A total of 26 patients were entered into study and 7, 11, 10 and 5 patients were treated at the 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 mg/m² dose levels, respectively. Myelosuppressioh was the principle side effect and Grade 4 WBC toxicity (<>³) developed in 14%, 27%, 40% and 40%, respectively, of the patients treated at each of these respective dose levels. Life-threatening infections occurred in 0%, 9%, 30% and 60% of the patients at these levels, respectively. Reversal of marrow toxicity was rapid with repeat courses given at 3-week intervals. Non-hematologic toxicity, including neurotoxicity, nausea, vomiting, and mucositis was generally mild when present. Objective responses were observed in 1 patient each with refractory Hodgkin's disease and immunoblastic lymphoma. Prolonged periods of stable disease occurred in 2 patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung and one patient with Hodgkin's disease. The starting dose of etoposide recommended for further trials of this agent in combination with infusion of vincristine is 500 mg/m² given in fractionated doses; dose escalation should be possible in many patients.