“Amnesia” for Summer Camps and High School Graduation: Memory Work Increases Reports of Prior Periods of Remembering Less

Claims regarding amnesia for childhood sexual abuse have often been based on studies of adults' responses to questions of the form, “Was there ever a period of time when you remembered less of the abuse than you do now?” In this experiment, 43 adult (mean age = 42) participants rated their current and prior memories of several nontraumatic childhood/adolescent events. Reports of prior periods of less memory were fairly common. Participants then engaged in “reminiscence” or “enhanced” retrieval activities directed toward remembering more about a selected target event. Following retrieval, 35% of the reminiscence condition participants reported prior poor memory for the target event, as did 70% of the enhanced condition. These results highlight the need for appropriate control conditions in retrospective studies of amnesia for childhood trauma.     

Subjects with <Emphasis Type="Italic">TNF-A-857TT</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">-1031TT</Emphasis> genotypes showed the highest <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicobacter pylori</Emphasis> seropositive rate compared with those with other genotypes

Background A possible association between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) A G-308A has been reported in Korea. The present study examined the associations of H. pylori with functional polymorphisms, TNF-A G-308A, C-857T, and T-1031C, and TNF-B A252G in Japanese subjects.Methods The total of 1374 study subjects included 241 outpatients who participated in an H. pylori eradication program (HPE), 679 first-visit outpatients (FVO) at a regional cancer hospital, and 454 local residents who received a health checkup examination (HCE).Results The frequency of the TNF-A -308A allele was only 1.3% of 480 chromosomes in the HPE group, so the FVO and HCE groups were not genotyped for that polymorphism. The genotype frequency of TNF-A C-857T was 69.2% CC, 27.7% CT, and 3.1% TT; that of TNF-A T-1031C was 69.4% TT, 28.1% TC, and 2.5% CC; and that of TNF-B A252G was 36.8% AA, 48.2% AG, and 15.0% GG. TNF-A -857T was tightly linked to TNF-A -1031T and TNF-B 252A. No significant associations between H. pylori seropositivity and polymorphisms of TNF-A C-857T and TNF-B A252G were observed. However, a reduced odds ratio adjusted for sex, age, and recruitment source was observed for TNF-A -1031CC (0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.20–0.91) relative to TNF-A -1031TT. Subjects with TNF-A -857CC and -1031CC showed the lowest seropositivity (38.2% of 34 participants), while those with TNF-A -857TT and -1031TT showed the highest (66.7% of 42 participants).Conclusions This study suggests that the possibly high expression genotype of TNF-A may increase susceptibility to persistent H. pylori infection.     

Subjective and functional results after total gastrectomy: prospective study for longterm comparison of reconstruction procedures

Background: Many reconstruction procedures have been developed in efforts to resolve patients' complaints after total gastrectomy. However, there have been few reports of longterm comparisons between reconstruction procedures, especially with regard to the prevention of duodenal food passage. This study was undertaken to compare the longterm subjective and functional results among Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy (R-Y), R-Y with pouch (P-Y), and jejunal interposition with pouch (P-I) after total gastrectomy. Methods: Consecutive patients requiring curative total gastrectomy were enrolled in this prospective study by the envelope method. Results: Hospital stay was longer following a P-I than an R-Y or a P-Y. Over 50% of R-Y patients complained of heartburn, and 20% of R-Y patients showed dumping syndrome throughout the postoperative period, with this rate being significantly different from rates in the other two groups. P-Y patients complained of early satiety in the late postoperative period, while P-I patients complained of early satiety in the early postoperative period. The nutritional index in P-I patients was higher than those in patients with the other two procedures. Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary dual scintigraphy (GHDS) showed that the rate of bile reflux with an R-Y was relatively high after surgery. Food reflux with a P-Y was increased (9.4% to 11.1%), but with a P-I food reflux was decreased at 3 years after surgery (13.3% to 9.9%). Patients with a P-Y had a faster recovery of body, weight in the early postoperative period; however, at 5 years after operation, body weight recovery with a P-I was greatest. Conclusion: Reconstruction should be performed with pouch formation after total gastrectomy with curative intent. Received: March 7, 2002 / Accepted: September 26, 2002 Acknowledgments This study was partly supported by the University of Tsukuba Research Project. Offprint requests to: S. Adachi     

Loss of expression of DNA repair enzymes MGMT,hMLH1, and hMSH2 during tumor progression in gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: Disorders of the DNA repair system that protects against alkylating mutagens are known to play an important role in carcinogenesis. METHODS: We investigated the expression of the DNA repair enzyme that protects against alkylating mutagens, O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), and the mismatch repair (MMR) enzymes, hMLH1 and hMSH2, in 135 gastric cancer specimens by immunohistochemical means. RESULTS: The immunoreactivity of MGMT and MMR proteins correlated significantly with several clinicopathologic factors. The survival curve in 116 patients showed that a loss of MGMT or hMLH1, but not of hMSH2, correlated with a poor prognosis. Combined evaluation of MGMT and hMLH1 revealed that the survival of patients with negative status for both MGMT and hMLH1 was shortest. However, this significant association between patient survival and MGMT or hMLH1 expression disappeared when early and advanced cancers were separately analyzed, indicating that synchronous losses of MGMT and hMLH1 increase during tumor progression and stage. Further evaluation according to histologic type revealed that loss of MGMT, hMLH1, and hMSH2 expression significantly differed between early and advanced cancer in differentiated-type cancers. In contrast, in undifferentiated-type cancer, loss of MGMT and MMR expression was frequently found even in intramucosal (m) cancer, and no significant difference was found in loss of hMLH1 and hMSH2 between early and advanced cancer. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that the reduced expression of MGMT, hMLH1, and hMSH2 in differentiated-type cancer may play an important role during tumor progression between the early and advanced stage. On the other hand, in undifferentiated-type cancer, loss of MGMT and the MMR proteins appears to be an important event at carcinogenesis or at an earlier step of tumor progression.     

逆行肝切除治疗难切性肝癌244例报道

目的　逆行肝切除是治疗难切性肝癌的有效方法 ,本文报道了 2 44例临床经验。方法　常规肝切除方法切除困难的 2 44例巨大、显露困难或下腔静脉受累的肝癌采用逆行切肝法结合血管外科技术予以切除 (A组 ) ,同期临床特征类似的 31例肝癌采用常规切肝法切除 ,作为对照 (B组 )。结果　两组均无手术死亡 ,A组与B组相比 ,术中出血量较少 ( 12 90± 998ml比 2 2 86± 136 3ml)、术后胸水发生率 ( 2 6 /2 44比 10 /31)、腹水发生率 ( 72 /2 44比 19/31)、中度到重度黄疸率 ( 14 /2 44比 5 /31)、手术区积液率 ( 17/2 44比 7/31)、膈下感染率 ( 3/2 44比 1/31)、胆漏发生率 ( 2 /2 44比 1/31)、切口感染率 ( 3/2 44比 1/31)以及ALT恢复时间 ( 13.8± 5 .1天比 18.9± 8.9天 )均较低 ,差别具有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　对于难切性肝癌而言 ,逆行肝切除是安全有效的手术方法。     

包括腔静脉旁部的肝右尾叶及全尾叶切除

目的 探讨并总结包括腔静脉旁部肝尾叶切除的方法和经验。方法 分别采用右后途径和左侧途径行右尾叶和全尾叶切除；前者附加部分右后叶切除，后者可为单独全尾叶切除或附加左外叶或左半肝切除。结果 成功施行包括腔静脉旁部的肝尾叶切除13例，其中右尾叶切除7例，全尾叶切除6例；全组无手术死亡，术中、术后均无严重病发症发生；术后平均失血量为896.15ml，平均肝门阻断时间为25.40min，术后平均住院12.38天。结论 虽然解剖关系复杂，切除包括腔静脉旁部的肝尾叶安全可行。     

胆囊腺瘤-腺癌中的DNA含量和基因表达

目的 研究胆囊腺瘤从增殖到恶变中腺上皮细胞的增殖变化和基因表达。方法PCR-RFLP法测定APC、ras基因突变,ABC免疫化学组织染色法测定p53蛋白表达。用TJTY-300全自动图像分析仪测定胆囊上皮细胞核异型性和DNA含量。结果 上皮细胞核异型性和DNA含量在胆囊腺瘤-腺癌过程中逐渐增加。胆囊腺瘤中异倍体比例与腺瘤的大小有明显的关系,直径≥1cm异倍体显著增加(P<0.05)。在胆囊腺瘤-腺癌过程中可检测到APC基因和RAS基因突变。P53蛋白在这一过程中不表达。结论 胆囊腺瘤-腺癌的过程是胆囊癌发生中一条重要的途径。当胆囊腺瘤直径≥1cm时具有明显的癌变潜能。其分子改变机制与胆囊上皮不典型增生-原位癌途径不同。